to become guardian

tūtēla, ae, f. [1. tutor], a watching, keeping, charge, care, safeguard, defence, protection (syn.: praesidium, cura).

Lit.

In gen.:

tutelam januae gerere,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 1, 43:

foribus tutelam gerere,

id. Trin. 4, 2, 28:

viae,

Dig. 31, 1, 30:

suo tergo tutelam gerere,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 51:

nunc de septis, quae tutandi causā fundi fiant dicam. Earum tutelarum genera quattuor, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 1, 14, 1:

pecudum silvestrium,

care, management, Col. 9, praef. §

1: boum,

id. 6, 2, 15:

aselli,

id. 7, 1, 2:

tenuiorum,

support, maintenance, Suet. Caes. 68:

lanae tutelam praestant contra frigora,

Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30:

ut villarum tutela non sit oneri,

id. 18, 5, 6, § 31; 35, 3, 4, § 14:

classis,

Just. 16, 3, 9:

cum de hominis summo bono quaererent, nullam in eo neque animi neque corporis partem vacuam tutela reliquerunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 14, 36:

tutela ac praesidium bellicae virtutis,

id. Mur. 10, 22:

Apollo, cujus in tutelā Athenas antiqui historici esse voluerunt,

id. N. D. 3, 22, 55; cf.:

quare sit in ejus tutela Gallia, cujus, etc.,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

intellegi volumus salutem hominum in ejus (Jovis) esse tutela,

id. Fin. 3, 20, 66:

Juno, cujus in tutelā Argi sunt,

Liv. 34, 24, 2; Plin. 28, 2, 4, § 18:

subicere aliquid tutelae alicujus,

Cic. Fin. 4, 14, 38:

filios suos parvos tutelae populi commendare,

id. de Or. 1, 53, 228:

dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent,

Liv. 1, 6, 4:

quae suae fidei tutelaeque essent,

id. 24, 22, 15:

publicae tutelae esse,

id. 42, 19, 5; 21, 41, 12:

te Jovis impio Tutela Saturno Eripuit,

Hor. C. 2, 17, 23:

ut dicar tutelā pulsa Minervae,

Ov. M. 2, 563:

dique deaeque omnes, quibus est tutela per agros,

Prop. 3, 13 (4, 12), 41:

ut te generi humano, cujus tutela et securitas saluti tuae innisa est, incolumem praestarent,

Plin. Ep. 10, 52 (60).— With gen. obj.:

loci,

protection, Just. 41, 5, 3.—

In partic., jurid. t. t., the office of a guardian, guardianship, wardship, tutelage of minors, insane persons, etc.:

tutela est, ut Servius definit, vis ac potestas in capite libero ad tuendum eum, qui propter aetatem suā sponte se defendere nequit, jure civili data ac permissa,

Dig. 26, 1 (De tutelis), 1: tradere aliquem in tutelam alicujus, Pac. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 46, 193:

in suam tutelam venire,

to become one's own master, come of age, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 180; Dig. 37, 11, 8, § 1; Cic. Top. 10, 44; id. Brut. 52, 195; 53, 197; id. Inv. 2, 21, 62; Gai. 2, 179; Nep. Eum. 2, 1;

rarely in the order, in tutelam suam venire,

Cic. Inv. 2, 42, 122: tutelae suae fieri, Sen. Ep. 33, 10:

fraudare pupillum, qui in tutelam pervenit,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 16:

alicujus tutelam accipere,

Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 17:

ad sanos abeat tutela propinquos,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 218:

rei publicae,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 85:

tutelam filiorum servo committere,

Just. 4, 2, 5:

tutelam pupilli suscipere,

id. 30, 2, 8:

gerere,

Val. Max. 6, 6, 1:

nancisci,

to become guardian, Just. Inst. 1, 12, 6:

administrare,

Dig. 26, 7, 3, § 2:

reddere,

ib. 5, 1, 2, § 3.—

Transf., concr.

Act., like our watch, of that which guards or protects, a keeper, warder, guardian, protector (mostly poet.):

(Philemon et Baucis) templi tutela fuere,

Ov. M. 8, 711: prorae tutela Melanthus, i. e. the pilot at the prow, = proreta, id. ib. 3, 617:

o tutela praesens Italiae (Augustus),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 43:

(Achilles) decus et tutela Pelasgi Nominis,

Ov. M. 12, 612:

rerum tutela mearum Cum sis (shortly before: curator a praetore datus),

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 103.—Of the image of the tutelar deity of a ship:

navis, cujus tutela ebore caelata est, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 76, 13; Lact. 1, 11, 19; cf. Sil. 14, 543; Petr. 105 and 108.—Of the tutelar deity of a place, Petr. 57; Auct. Priap. 37; Hier. in Isa. 57, 7; Inscr. Orell. 1698 sq.; 1736.—

A remedy against, cure:

si qua est tutela podagrae,

Grat. Cyn. 478.—

Pass., of that which is guarded or protected, a charge, care.

In gen. ( poet.):

virginum primae puerique claris Patribus orti, Deliae tutela deae,

Hor. C. 4, 6, 33:

Lanuvium annosi vetus est tutela draconis,

Prop. 4 (5), 8, 3:

sit, precor, tutela Minervae Navis,

Ov. Tr. 1, 10, 1 sq. —

In partic., in jurid. lang., that which is under guardianship or tutelage: in officiis apud majores ita observatum est: primum tutelae, deinde hospiti, deinde clienti, tum cognato, postea affini, a ward, Massur. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 5.—Of the property of a ward:

mirabamur, te ignorare, de tutelā legitimā... nihil usucapi posse,

Cic. Att. 1, 5, 6:

nihil potest de tutelā legitimā sine omnium tutorum auctoritate deminui,

id. Fl. 34, 84; Dig. 26, 7, 5.

protective, protecting.

1 protector, shield, covering.

2 protector, defender, advocate.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 protective

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 (persona) protector

► nombre masculino protector

1 DEPORTE (de boca) gumshield; (conquilla) box

\

protector labial lip salve

► nombre masculino

1 DEPORTE (de boca) gumshield; (conquilla) box

* * *

1 legal (conforme a ley).

no cumple los requisitos legales it doesn't meet the legal requirements

2 legal (relativo a la ley).

asesoramiento legal legal advice

3 forensic.

medicina legal legal medicine

4 honest, decent (informal) (de confianza). (peninsular Spanish)

es un tío muy legal he's a great guy o bloke (British)

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (gen) legal

2 argot (persona) above-board, upfront

* * *

* * *

1) (=de ley) legal

2) [persona] (=de confianza) trustworthy, truthful, reliable

3) (=sin antecedentes) [archivo] clean *; [persona] clean *, with no police record

4) And (=excelente) great *

* * *

1) (Der)

a) <trámite/documentos> legal

b) (lícito, permitido) lawful

2)

a) (Col, Per arg) ( estupendo) great (colloq)

b) (Esp arg) ( de fiar) cool (sl)

* * *

= legal, legalistic, statutory, lawful, over the counter, licit, legit, kosher, legalised [legalized, -USA].

Ex. University courses in legal information work should take on board the teaching of the new technology.

Ex. Patents abstracting is a special skill, involving not only a technical knowledge, but also a facility for unravelling the special legalistic jargon in which patents abound.

Ex. As we saw earlier, I&R services were not invented by public libraries, but developed as a tool of other statutory and voluntary social work agencies.

Ex. DIALOG has made it lawful for searchers to send copies of search results to their colleagues.

Ex. With minor revision, the design recommendations were appropriate for developing over the counter medicinal leaflets.

Ex. The lines between licit & illicit operations have become blurred, as markets have become globalized.

Ex. What is ironic about the intellectual property law is that it often penalizes the legit consumers more than the pirates it intends to foil.

Ex. Some mammals, such as pigs, have a cloven hoof but are not considered kosher because they do not meet other criteria.

Ex. Even those states who are pushing for legalized sports betting are missing the point when it comes to making a profit through sports betting.

----

* acción legal = legal action.

* actuación legal = legal proceedings.

* acuerdo legal = legal settlement.

* asesoramiento legal = legal advice, legal aid.

* asesoría legal = legal advice centre.

* ayuda legal = legal assistance.

* biblioteca de depósito legal = copyright library, depository library.

* condiciones legales de uso = legal boilerplate.

* cuestión legal = legal issue.

* custodia legal = legal guardianship.

* depósito legal = legal deposit.

* derecho legal = legal right.

* documento legal = legal document.

* emprender acciones legales = take + legal proceedings, take + legal action.

* impedimento legal = estoppel.

* jerga legal = legalease.

* laguna legal = loophole.

* marco legal = legal framework.

* medicina legal = legal medicine.

* moneda de curso legal = legal tender.

* norma legal = statutory provision.

* obligación legal = legal obligation.

* plazo legal = statutory term.

* protección legal = legal protection.

* residencia legal = legal residence.

* separación legal = separation from bed and board, a mensa et thoro.

* sistema legal, el = legal system, the.

* tutor legal = legal guardian.

* vacío legal = loophole, legal void.

* * *

1) (Der)

a) <trámite/documentos> legal

b) (lícito, permitido) lawful

2)

a) (Col, Per arg) ( estupendo) great (colloq)

b) (Esp arg) ( de fiar) cool (sl)

* * *

* * *

A ( Der)

1 ‹trámite/documentos/requisitos› legal

por la vía legal through legal channels, through the courts

2 (lícito, permitido) lawful

haré lo que me pidas, siempre que sea legal I'll do whatever you ask, as long as it's within the law o it's legal

una manifestación legal a lawful demonstration

3 ( Esp period) ‹terrorista/comando› with no previous convictions, with no criminal record

B ( Esp arg) (de confianza) great ( colloq)

C (Col, Per, AmC arg) (estupendo) great ( colloq), far out ( sl dated)

D ( AmC fam) (justo) fair

ser legal to be fair

* * *

a) ‹trámite/documentos› legal

b) (lícito, permitido) lawful;

◊ lo haré si es legal I'll do it as long as it's within the law

* * *

legal adj

1. [conforme a ley] legal;

su actuación no tiene base legal alguna his actions have no legal basis;

no cumple los requisitos legales it doesn't meet the legal requirements;

una moneda de curso legal a currency which is legal tender

2. [relativo a la ley] legal;

asesoramiento legal legal advice;

una batalla legal a legal battle

3. [forense] forensic;

medicina legal forensic medicine

4. Esp [terrorista, comando] with no criminal record;

detuvieron a tres terroristas legales they arrested three terrorists who had never previously been charged

5. Esp Fam [de confianza] honest, decent;

es un tío muy legal he's a great guy o Br bloke

* * *

1 legal

2 fam

persona great fam, terrific fam

* * *

legal adj

: legal, lawful

♦ legalmente adv

* * *

legal adj legal

गो m. f. (Nom. गौः) [गच्छत्यनेन, गम् करणे डो Tv.]

1 Cattle, kine (pl.)

-2 Anything coming from a cow; such as milk, flesh, leather &c.

-3 The stars; वि रश्मिभिः ससृजे सूर्यो गाः Rv.7.36.1.

-4 The sky.

-5 The thunder- bolt of Indra; Ki.8.1.

-6 A ray of light; नान्यस्तप्ता विद्यते गोषु देव Mb.1.232.11; बालो$यं गिरिशिखरेषु चारयन् गाः त्रैलोक्यं तिमिरभरेण दुष्टमेतत् (रविः नैर्मल्यं नयति) । Rām. Ch. 7.6.

-7 A diamond.

-8 Heaven.

-9 An arrow. -f.

1 A cow; जुगोप गोरूपधरामिवोर्वीम् R.2.3; क्षीरिण्यः सन्तु गावः Mk.1.6.

-2 The earth; दुदोह गां स यज्ञाय R.1.26; गामात्तसारां रघुरप्यवेक्ष्य 5.26;11.36; Bg.15.13; सेको$- नुगृह्णातु गाम् Mu.3.2; Me.3; cf. also the quotation for (

-6).

-3 Speech, words; कुलानि समुपेतानि गोभिः पुरुषतो$- र्थतः Mb.5.28; रघोरुदारामपि गां निशम्य R.5.12;2.59; Ki.4.2.

-4 The goddess of speech, Sarasvatī.

-5 A mother.

-6 A quarter of the compass.

-7 Water; सायं भेजे दिशं पश्चाद्गविष्ठो गां गतस्तदा Bhāg.1.1.36; also pl.; Bhāg.11.7.5.

-8 The eye; गोकर्णा सुमुखी कृतेन इषुणा गोपुत्रसंप्रेषिता Mb.8.9.42.

-9 A region of the sky. -m. A bull, an ox; असंजातकिणस्कन्धः सुखं स्वपिति गौर्गडिः K. P.1; Ms.4.72; cf. चरद्गव.

-2 The hair of the body.

-3 An organ of sense; अदान्तगोभिर्विशतां तमिस्रं पुनः पुनश्चर्वितचर्वणानाम् Bhāg..7.5.3.

-4 The sign Taurus of the zodiac; Bṛi. S.49.

-5 The sun.

-6 The number 'nine' (in math.).

-7 The moon.

-8 A singer.

-9 A billion.

-1 A cow-sacrifice

-11 A house; cf. गौर्वज्रं गौः प्रभा भूमिर्वाणी तोयं त्रिविष्टपम् । धेनुर्बस्तो वृषो दिग्गौर्नेत्रं लज्जा गुरू रमा ॥ इन्द्रियं श्रीरुमा... Enm.

-Comp. -कण्टकः, -कम् 1 a road or spot trodden down by oxen and thus made im- passable.

-2 the cow's hoof.

-3 the print of a cow's hoof.

-कर्ण a. having cow's ears.

(-र्णः) 1 a cow's ear; गोकर्णसदृशौ कृत्वा करावाबद्धसारणौ Ks.6.57.

-2 a mule.

-3 a snake; Mb.8.9.42.

-4 a span (from the tip of the thumb to that of the ring-finger); गोकर्णशिथिल- श्चरन् Mb.2.68.75; तालः स्मृतो मध्यमया गोकर्णश्चाप्यनामया Brahmāṇḍa P.

-5 N. of a place of pilgrimage in the south, sacred to Śiva. श्रितगोकर्णनिकेतमीश्वरम् R.8.33.

-6 a kind of deer.

-7 a kind of arrow; Mb.8.9.42.

-किराटा -किराटिका the Sārikā bird.

-किलः, -कीलः 1 a plough

-2 a pestle.

-कुलम् 1 a herd of kine; वृष्टिव्याकुलगोकुलावनरसादुद्धृत्य गोवर्धनम् Gīt.4; गोकुलस्य तृषा- र्तस्य Mb.

-2 a cow-house.

-3 N. of a village (where Kṛiṣṇa was brought up).

-कुलिक a.

1 one who does not help a cow in the mud.

-2 squint-eyed.

-कुलोद्भवा an epithet of Durgā.

-कृतम् cow-dung.

-क्षीरम् cow's milk.

-क्षुरम्, -रकम् a cow's hoof.

-खरः a beast (पशु); यत्तीर्थबुद्धिः सलिले न कर्हिचिज्जनेष्वभिज्ञेषु स एव गोखरः Bhāg.1.84.13.

-खा a nail.

-गृष्टिः a young cow which has had only one calf.

-गोयुगम् a pair of oxen.

-गोष्ठम् a cow-pen, cattle-shed.

-ग्रन्थिः 1 dried cowdung.

-2 a cow-house.

-ग्रहः capture of cattle (गवालम्भ); Mb.12.265.2.

-ग्रासः the ceremony of offering a morsel (of grass) to a cow when performing an expiatory rite.

-घातः, -घातकः, -घातिन् m. a cow-killer.

-घृतम् 1 rain-water.

-2 clarified butter coming from a cow.

-घ्न a.

1 destructive to cows.

-2 one who has killed a cow.

-3 one for whom a cow is killed, a guest.

-चन्दनम् a kind of sandal-wood.

-चर a.

1 grazed over by cattle.

-2 frequenting, dwelling, resorting to, haunting पितृसद्मगोचरः Ku.5.77.

-3 within the scope, power, or range of; अवाङ्मनसगोचरम् R.1.15; so बुद्धि˚, दृष्टि˚, श्रवण˚ स्वगोचरे दीप्ततरा बभूव Bu. Ch.1.13.

-4 moving on earth.

-5 accessible to, attainable; त्याग- सूक्ष्मानुगः क्षेम्यः शौचगो ध्यागोचरः Mb.12.236.12.

-6 circulating, having a particular meaning, prevalent.

(-रः) 1 the range of cattle, pasturage; उपारताः पश्चिम- रात्रिगोचरात् Ki.4.1.

-2 (a) a district, department, province, sphere. (b) an abode, dwelling-place, a place of resort; Śi.1.21; Ms.1.39.

-3 range of the organs of sense, an object of sense; श्रवणगोचरे तिष्ठ be within ear-shot; नयनगोचरं या to become visible.

-4 scope, range, in general; हर्तुर्याति न गोचरम् Bh.2.16.

-5 (fig.) grip, hold, power, influence, control; कः कालस्य न गोचरा- न्तरगतः Pt.1.146; गोचरीभूतमक्ष्णोः U.6.26; Māl.5.24; अपि नाम मनागवतीर्णो$सि रतिरमणबाणगोचरम् Māl.1.

-6 horizon.

-7 field for action, scope; इन्द्रियाणि हयानाहुर्विषयांस्तेषु गोचरान् Kaṭh.3.4.

-8 the range of the planets from the Lagna or from each other.

˚पीडा in- auspicious position of stars within the ecliptic; गोचर- पीडायामपि राशिर्बलिभिः शुभग्रहैर्दृष्टः (पीडां न करोति) Bṛi.S.41.13. (गोचरीकृ to place within the range (of sight), make current).

-चर्मन् n.

1 a cow's hide.

-2 a particular measure of surface thus defined by Vasiṣṭha:-- दशहस्तेन वंशेन दशवंशान् समन्ततः । पञ्च चाभ्यधिकान् दद्यादेतद्गोचर्म चोच्यते ॥ ˚वसनः an epithet of Śiva.

-चर्या seeking food like a cow; गोचर्यां नैगमश्चरेत् Bhāg.11.18.29.

-चारकः cowherd.

-चरणम् the tending or feeding of cows; Bhāg.1.38.8.

-ज a.

1 born in the earth (rice &c.).

-2 produced by milk; अब्जा गोजा...... Kaṭh.5.2.

-जरः an old ox or bull; नाद्रियन्ते यथापूर्वं कीनाशा इव गोजरम् Bhāg.3.3.13.

-जलम् the urine of a bull or cow.

-जागरिकम् auspi- ciousness, happiness. (

-कः) a preparer of food, baker.

-जात a. born in the heaven (gods); गोजाता अप्या मृळता च देवाः Rv.6.5.11.

-जिह्वा N. of a plant (Mar. पाथरी).

-जिह्विका the uvula.

-जीव a. living on cattle (milk- man); Hch.1.7.

-तल्लजः an excellent bull or cow.

-तीर्थम् a cowhouse.

-त्रम् [गां भूमिं त्रायते त्रै-क]

1 a cow-pen.

-2 a stable in general.

-3 a family, race, lineage; गोत्रेण माठरो$स्मि Sk.; so कौशिकगोत्राः, वसिष्ठगोत्राः &c.; Ms.3.19,9.141.

-4 a name, appellation; जगाद गोत्र- स्खलिते च का न तम् N.1.3; Ś.6.5; see ˚स्खलित below; मद्गोत्राङ्कं विरचितपदं गेयमुद्गातुकामा Me.88.

-5 a multitude.

-6 increase.

-7 a forest.

-8 a field.

-9 a road.

-1 possessions, wealth.

-11 an umbrella, a parasol.

-12 knowledge of futurity.

-13 a genus, class, species.

-14 a caste, tribe, caste according to families. (

-त्रः) a mountain; 'गोत्रं नाम्नि कुले$प्यद्रौ' इति यादवः; Śi.9.8. Hence गोत्रोद्दलनः means Indra; cf. इन्द्रे तु गोत्रोद्दलनः कुलघ्ने गिरिदारणे Nm.

(-त्रा) 1 a multitude of cows.

-2 the earth.

˚उच्चारः recitation of family pedigree.

˚कर्तृ, -कारिन् m. the founder of a family.

˚कीला the earth.

˚ज a. born in the same family, gentile, a relation; Bhāg.3.7.24; Y.2.135.

˚पटः a genealogical table, pedigree.

˚प्रवरः the oldest member or founder of a family.

-भिद् m. an epithet of Indra; हृदि क्षतो गोत्रभिदप्यमर्षणः R.3.53;6.73; Ku.2.52.

˚स्खलनम्, ˚स्खलितम् blundering or mistaking in calling (one) by his name, calling by a wrong name; स्मरसि स्मर मेखलागुणैरुत गौत्रस्खलितेषु बन्धनम् Ku.4.8.

-द a. giving cows; Ms.4.231. (

-दः) brain. (

-दा) N. of the river Godāvarī.

-दत्र a. Ved. giving cows. (

-त्रः) an epithet of Indra. (

-त्रम्) a crown (pro- tecting the head).

-दन्त a. armed with a coat of mail.

(-तम्) 1 yellow orpiment.

-2 a white fossil substance.

-दानम् 1 the gift of a cow.

-2 the ceremony of tonsure or cutting the hair; रामलक्ष्मणयो राजन् गोदानं कारयस्व ह Rām.1.71.23; अथास्य गोदानविधेरनन्तरम् R.3. 33; (see Mallinātha's explanation of the word); कृत- गोदानमङ्गलाः U.1; अतोनं गोदानं दारकर्म च Kau. A.1.5; (Rām. explains the word differently).

-3 the part of the head close to the right ear.

-दाय a. intending to give cows.

-दारणम् 1 a plough.

-2 a spade, hoe.

-दा, -दावरी N. of a river in the south.

-दुह् m.,

-दुहः 'cow-milker', a cowherd; सुदुघामिव गोदुहे R.1.4.1; चिरं निदध्यौ दुहतः स गोदुहः Śi.

-दोहः 1 the milking of cows.

-2 the milk of cows.

-3 the time of milking cows.

-दोहनम् 1 the time of milking cows.

-2 the milking of cows; न लक्ष्यते ह्यवस्थानमपि गोदोहनं क्वचित् Bhāg.1.19. 4.

-दोहनी a milk-pail.

-द्रवः the urine of a bull or cow.

-धनम् 1 a herd or multitude of cows, cattle.

-2 possession of cows. (

-नः) a broad-pointed arrow.

-धरः a mountain.

-धर्मः the law of cattle, rules relating to cattle; (open and unconcealed intercourse of the sexes); गोधर्मं सौरभेयाच्च सो$धीत्य निखिलं मुनिः । प्रावर्तत तदा कर्तुं श्रद्धावांस्तमशङ्कया ॥ Mb.1.14.26.

-धुमः, -धूमः 1 wheat; Bṛi. Up.6.3.13.

-2 the orange. ˚चूर्णम् wheat flour;

-सम्भवम् a sour paste.

-धूलिः 'dust of the cows', the time of sunset or evening twilight (so called be- cause cows, which generally return home at about sunset, raise up clouds of dust by their treading on the earth).

-धेनुः a milch-cow with a calf.

-भ्रः a mountain.

-नन्दा an epithet of the wife of Śiva.

-नन्दी the female of the Sārasa bird.

-नर्दः 1 the (Indian) crane.

-2 an epithet of Śiva (bellowing like a bull).

-3 N. of a country.

-नर्दीयः an epithet of Patañjali, author of the Mahābhāṣya.

-नसः, -नासः 1 a kind of snake.

-2 a kind of gem.

-नसा the mouth of a cow.

-नाथः 1 a bull.

-2 an owner of land.

-3 a herdsman.

-4 an owner of kine.

-नायः a cowherd; तद्यथा गोनायो$श्वनायः पुरुषनाय इत्येवं तदप आचक्षते$शनायेति Ch. Up.6.8.3.

-नाशनः a wolf.

-नासा the projecting snout of a cow or ox.

-नासम् a kind of gem.

-निष्यन्दः cow's urine.

-पः 1 a cowherd (considered as belonging to a mixed tribe); गोपवेशस्य विष्णोः Me.15.

-2 the chief of a cowpen.

-3 the superintendent of a village.

-4 a king.

-5 a protector, guardian; Rv.1.61.1.

˚अनसी the wood of a thatch; गोपानसीषु क्षणमास्थितानाम् Śi.3.49.

˚अष्टमी the eighth day of the bright fortnight of Kārttika when Kṛiṣṇa is said to have worn the dress of a cowherd.

˚आटविका a cowherd.

˚कन्या 1 the daughter of a cowherd.

-2 a nymph of Vṛindāvana.

˚अध्यक्षः, ˚इन्द्रः, ˚ईशः the chief of herdsmen, an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.

˚चापः the rainbow.

˚दलः the betel-nut tree.

˚भद्रम् the fibrous root of a water-lily.

˚रसः gum myrrh.

˚राष्ट्राः (pl.) N. of a people. ˚वधूः f. a cowherd's wife; Bhāg.1.9.4. ˚वधूटी a young cowherdess, a young wife of a cowherd; गोपवधूटीदुकूलचौराय Bhāṣā P.1.

(-पकः) 1 the superin- tendent of a district.

-2 myrrh.

(-पिका) 1 a cowher- dess; Bhāg.1.9.14-15.

-2 protectress. (

-पी) a cowherd's wife (especially applied to the cowherdesses of Vṛindāvana, the companions of Kṛiṣṇa in his juvenile sports).

-2 a milk-maid.

-3 a protectress.

-4 Nature, elementary nature.

-पतिः 1 an owner of cows.

-2 a bull.

-3 a leader, chief.

-4 the sun; नीहारमिव गोपतिः Bhāg.1.12.1; Mb.1.173.32.

-5 Indra; सुराङ्गना गोपतिचापगोपुरं पुरम् (जहुः) Ki.8.1.

-6 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.

-7 N. of Śiva.

-8 N. of Varuṇa; एष पुत्रो महाप्रज्ञो वरुणस्येह गोपतेः Mb.5.98.11.

-9 a king; नासतो विद्यते राजन् स ह्यरण्येषु गोपतिः Mb.12.135.26.

-पथः N. of a Brāhmaṇa of Av.

-पर्वतम् the name of the place where Pāṇini is said to have performed penance and propitiated Śiva; गोपर्वतमिति स्थानं शम्भोः प्रख्यापितं मया । यत्र पाणिनिना लेभे वैयाकरणिकाग्ऱ्यता ॥ अरुणाचलमाहात्म्यम्- उत्तरार्धः 2 अ. 68 श्लो.

-पशुः a sacrificial cow.

-पाः m. Ved.

1 a herdsman.

-2 protector, or guardian; मन्द्राग्रे- त्वरी भुवनस्य गोपा Av.2.1.57.

-पानसी a curved beam which supports a thatch; गोपानसी तु वलभिच्छादने वक्रदारुणि Ak.2.2.15.

-पालः 1 a cowherd; Ms.4.253.

-2 a king.

-3 an epithet of Śiva.

-4 an epithet of Kṛ&iṣṇa. ˚धानी a cow-pen, cow-shed.

-पालकः 1 a cowherd.

-2 a king.

-3 an epithet of Śiva; also of Kṛiṣṇa.

-पालिः an epithet of Śiva.

-पालिका, -पाली the wife of a cowherd; पार्थः प्रस्थापयामास कृत्वा गोपालिकावपुः Mb.1.221.19.

-पालितः N. of a lexicographer.

-पित्तम् bile of cows, ox-bile (from which the yellow pigment गोरोचना is prepared; गोपित्ततो रोचना Pt.1.94.).

-पीतः a species of wagtail.

-पीथः protection; अस्माकमृषीणां गोपीथे न उरुष्यतम् Rv.5.65.6. (

-थम्) a holy place, a place of pilgrimage.

-पुच्छम् a cow's tail.

-2 a particular point of an arrow.

(-च्छः) 1 a sort of monkey; Bhāg.8.2.22.

-2 a sort of necklace consisting of two or four or thirty-four strings.

-3 a kind of drum.

-पुटिकम् the head of Śiva's bull.

-पुत्रः 1 a young bull.

-2 an epithet of Karṇa.

-पुरम् 1 a town-gate; उत्तुङ्गसौधसुरमन्दिरगोपुरम् Māl.9.1.

-2 a principal gate; दधतमुच्चशिलान्तरगोपुराः Ki.5.5.

-3 the ornamental gate- way of a temple.

-पुरीषम् cowdung.

-प्रकाण्डम् an ex- cellent cow or bull.

-प्रचारः pasture-ground, pasturage for cattle; ग्राम्येच्छया गोप्रचारो भूमी राजवशेन वा Y.2.166.

-प्रत (ता) रः 1 a ford for cattle.

-2 a place of pilgrimage on the Śarayū; यद्गोप्रतरकल्पो$भूत्संमर्दस्तत्र मज्जताम् । अतस्तदाख्यया तीर्थं पावनं भुवि पप्रथे ॥ R.15.11.

-प्रदानम् same as गोदान.

-प्रवेशः the time when cows return home, sunset or evening-twilight; गोप्रवेशसमये Bṛi. S.24.35.

-फणा 1 a bandage hollowed out so as to fit the chin or nose &c.

-2 a sling.

-बालः the hair of cows.

-भुज् m. a king; गोभुजां वल्लभा लक्ष्मीः Rāj. T.5.6.

-भृत् m.

1 a mountain.

-2 a king.

-मक्षिका a gadfly.

-मघ a. granting cattle or cows कदा गोमघा हवनानि गच्छाः Rv.6.35.3.

-मंडलम् 1 the globe.

-2 a multitude of cows.

-मण़्डीरः a kind of an aquatic bird; L. D. B.

-मतम् = गव्यूति q. v.

-मतल्लिका a tract- able cow, an excellent cow; अरिर्मधोरैक्षत गोमतल्लिकाम् Śi.12.41.

-मथः a cowherd.

-मध्यमध्य a. slender in the waist.

-महिषदा N. of one of the Mātṛis attending on कार्तिकेय.

-मांसम् beef.

-मायु 1 a kind of frog.

-2 a jackal; अनुहंकुरुते घनध्वनिं न हि गोमायुरुतानि केसरी Śi.16. 25.

-3 bile of a cow.

-4 N. of a Gandharva.

-मीनः a kind of fish.

-मुखः, -मुखम् [गोर्मुखमिव मुखमस्य] a kind of musical instrument; Bg.1.13; गोमुखानां च शृङ्गाणाम- नीकद्वयवर्तिनाम् Śiva. B.24.55.

(-खः) 1 a crocodile, shark.

-2 a hole of a particular shape in a wall made by thieves.

(-खम्) 1 a house built unevenly.

-2 spreading unguents, smearing; 'गोमुखं कुटिलाकारे वाद्यभाण्डे विलेपने' इति विश्वः; यस्यामलिन्देषु न चक्रुरेव मुग्धाङ्गना गोमयगो- मुखानि Śi.3.48. (

-खम्, -खी) a cloth-bag of the shape of a gnomon containing a rosary, the beads of which are counted by the hand thrust inside.

-2 a house built unevenly.

-3 a particular method of sitting (a योगासन) (

-खी) the chasm in the Himālaya mountains through which the Ganges flows.

-मूढ a. stupid as a bull.

-मूत्रम् cow's urine.

-मूत्रकः a variety of lapis lazuli (बैदूर्य); Kau. A.2.11.

-कम् a particular attitude (मण्डल) in गदायुद्ध; दक्षिणं मण्डलं सव्यं गोमूत्रकमथापि च । व्यचर- त्पाण्डवो राजन्नरिं संमोहयन्निव ॥ Mb.9.58.23. -a. zigzagging, going unevenly.

-मूत्रिका 1 an artificial verse, the second of which repeats nearly all the syllables of the first. (Malli. thus defines it:-- वर्णानामेकरूपत्वं यद्येकान्तरमर्धयोः गोमूत्रिकेति तत्प्राहुर्दुष्करं तद्विदो विदुः ॥ see Śi.19.46.)

-2 a form of calculation.

-मृगः a kind of ox (गवय).

-मेदः a gem brought from the Himālaya and Indus, des- cribed as of four different colours:-- white, pale-yellow, red, and dark-blue.

-मेदकः 1 see गोमेद.

-2 a kind of poison (काकोल).

-3 smearing the body with unguents.

-मेधः, -यज्ञः a cow-sacrifice; Rām.7.25.8.

-यानम्, -रथः a carriage drawn by oxen; Rām.2.82.26; Ms. 11.174.

-युक्त a. drawn by oxen.

-युतम् 1 a cattle station.

-2 a measure of two Krośas (गव्यूत); गोयुते गोयुते चैव न्यवसत्पुरुषर्षभः Mb.14.65.22.

-रक्षः 1 a cow- herd.

-2 keeping or tending cattle.

-3 the orange.

-4 an epithet of Śiva. ˚जम्बू f. wheat.

-रक्षणम् tending cattle (with religious faith).

-रङ्कुः 1 a water-fowl

-2 a prisoner.

-3 a naked man, a mendicant wandering about without clothes.

-4 a chanter.

-रवम् saffron.

-रसः cow's milk.

-2 curds.

-3 buttermilk.

-4 the flavour of a sentence; को रसो गोरसं विना Udb. ˚जम् buttermilk.

-राजः an excellent bull.

-राटिका, -राटी the Sārikā bird.

-रुतम् a measure of dis- tance equal to two Krośas.

-रूपम् the form of a cow. (

-पः) N. of Śiva.

-रोचम् yellow orpiment.

-रोचना a bright yellow pigment prepared from the urine or bile of a cow, or found in the head of a cow.

-लवणम् a measure of salt given to a cow.

-लाङ्गु- (गू) लः a kind of monkey with a dark body, red cheeks and a tail like that of a cow; गोलाङ्गूलः कपोलं छुरयति रजसा कौसुमेन प्रियायाः Māl.9.3.

-लोकः a part of heaven, cow-world.

-लोभिका, -लोभी 1 a prostitute.

-2 white Dūrvā grass.

-3 Zedoary.

-4 N. of a shrub.

-वत्सः a calf. ˚आदिन m. a wolf.

-वधः the killing of a cow; Ms.11.59.

-वर्धनः a celebrated hill in वृन्दावन the country about Mathurā. ('This hill was lifted up and supported by Kṛiṣṇa upon one finger for seven days to shelter the cowherds from a storm of rain sent by Indra to test Kṛiṣṇa's divinity.') ˚धरः, ˚धरिन् m. an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.

-वरम् pounded cowdung.

-वशा a barren cow.

-वाटम्, -वासः a cow-pen.

-वासन a. covered with an ox-hide.

-विकर्तः, -विकर्तृ m.

1 the killer of a cow; Mb.4.2.9.

-2 a hus- bandman.

-विततः a horse-sacrifice having many cows.

-विन्दः 1 a cowkeeper, a chief herdsman.

-2 N. of Kṛiṣṇa.

-3 Bṛihaspati. ˚द्वादशी the twelfth day in the light half of the month of फाल्गुन

-विष् f.,

-विष्ठा cowdung.

-विषाणिकः a kind of musical instrument; Mb.6.44.4.

-विसर्गः day-break (when cows are let loose to graze in forests); Rām.7.111.9.

-वीथिः f. N. of that portion of the moon's path which contains the asterisms भाद्रपदा, रेवती and अश्विनी, or according to some, हस्त, चित्रा and स्वाती Bṛi. S.9.2.

-वीर्यम् the price received for milk.

-वृन्दम् a drove of cattle.

-वृन्दारकः an excellent bull or cow.

-वृषः, -वृषभः an excellent bull; न तां शेकुर्नृपा वोढुमजित्वा सप्त गोवृषान् Bhāg 1.58.33. ˚ध्वजः an epithet of Śiva.

-वैद्यः a quack docter.

-व्रजः 1 a cow-pen.

-2 a herd of cows.

-3 a place where cattle graze.

-व्रत, -व्रतिन् a. one who imitates a cow in fru- gality;...अत्र गोव्रतिनो विप्राः... ॥ यत्रपत्रशयो नित्यं येन केन- चिदाशितः । येन केनचिदाच्छन्नः स गोव्रत इहोच्यते ॥ Mb.5.99. 13-14.

-शकृत् n. cowdung; Ms.2.182.

-शतम् a present of a hundred cows to a Brāhmaṇa.

-शालम्, -ला a cow-stall.

-शीर्षः, -र्षम् a kind of sandal; Kau. A.2.11.

-2 a kind of weapon (arrow ?); Mb.7.178. 23.

-षड्गवम् three pairs of kine.

-षन्, -षा a. Ved. acquiring or bestowing cows.

-षा (सा) तिः 1 acquiring cattle; or fighting for cattle. गोषाता यस्य ते गिरः Rv.8.84.7.

-2 giving cattle.

-ष्टोमः a kind of sacri- fice fasting for one day.

-संख्यः a cowherd.

-सदृक्षः a species of ox (गवय).

-सर्गः the time at which cows are usually let loose, day-break; see गोविसर्ग.

-सवः a kind of cow-sacrifice (not performed in the Kali age); Mb.3.3.17.

-सहस्रम् a kind of present (महादान). (

-स्त्री) N. of two holidays on the fifteenth day of the dark half of कार्तिक and ज्येष्ठ.

-सावित्री N. of a hymn (cf. गायत्री).

-सूत्रिका a rope fastened at both ends having separate halters for each ox or cow.

-स्तनः 1 the udder of a cow.

-2 a cluster of blossoms, nosegay &c.

-3 a pearl-necklace of four strings.

-4 a kind of fort.

-स्तना, -नी a bunch of grapes.

-स्थानम्, -क्रम् a cow-pen.

-स्वामिन् m.

1 an owner of cows.

-2 a religious mendicant.

-3 an honorary title affixed to proper names; (e. g. वोपदेवगोस्वामिन्).

-हत्या cow-slaughter.

-हल्लम् (sometimes written हन्नम्) cow-dung.

-हरः, -हरणम् stealing of cows; गोष्ठमुत्किरति गोहरं वदेत् Bṛi. S.89.9. (v. l.)

-हित a. cherishing or protecting kine. (

-तः) N. of Viṣṇu.

m defender

difensore d'ufficio legal aid lawyer, AE public defender

* * *

difensore agg. defending: avvocato difensore, defending counsel (o counsel for the defence); (di un'opinione ecc.) advocate

◆ s.m.

1 (dir.) defending counsel, counsel for the defence; (amer.) attorney for the defense: difensore civico, ombudsman, ( se donna) ombudswoman; difensore di fiducia, hired counsel; difensore d'ufficio, public defender (o counsel appointed by the Court)

2 (di un'opinione ecc.) supporter, upholder; advocate: farsi difensore di un credo, to become the advocate of a belief (o to champion a belief) // difensore della fede, ( titolo dei sovrani d'Inghilterra) Defender of the Faith

3 (sport) defender, back // l'estremo difensore, goalkeeper.

* * *

1. sm/f

(gen) defender, (di moralità) upholder, Dir counsel for the defence

2. agg

* * *

sostantivo maschile (f. difenditrice [difendi'tritʃe])

1) defender, guardian; sport defender, back; (di causa) defender, champion; (di diritti) defender, protector, upholder

2) dir. counsel for the defence, defending counsel

•

* * *

difensore

/difen'sore/

sostantivo m.

(f. difenditrice /difendi'trit∫e/)

 1 defender, guardian; sport defender, back; (di causa) defender, champion; (di diritti) defender, protector, upholder

 2 dir. counsel for the defence, defending counsel

COMPOUNDS

difensore civico ombudsman.

पारः रम् [परं तीरं परमेव अण्, पॄ-घञ् वा]

1 The further or opposite bank of a river or ocean; पारं दुःखोदधेर्गन्तुं तर यावन्न भिद्यते Śānti.3.1; विरहजलधेः पारमासादयिष्ये Pad. D.13; H.1.177.

-2 The further or opposite side of anything; स हि देवः परं ज्योतिस्तमःपारे व्यवस्थितम् Ku.2.58.

-3 The end or extremity of anything; furtherest or concluding limit; तेजस्वी रिपुहतबन्धुदुःखपारम् (व्रजति) Ve. 3.25.

-4 The fullest extent, the totality of anything; स पूर्वजन्मान्तरदृष्टपाराः स्मरन्निव R.18.5. (पारं गम्, -इ, -या

1 to cross over, surmount, get over; व्यसनेष्वेव सर्वेषु यस्य बुद्धिर्न हीयते । स तेषां पारमभ्येति Pt.2.6.

-2 to accomplish, fulfil; as in प्रतिज्ञायाः पारं गतः

-3 To master fully, become proficient in; सकलशास्त्रपारं गतः Pt.1; पारं नी 'to bring to a close.').

-रः 1 Quick-silver.

-2 Guardian; तस्माद् भयाद् येन स नो$स्तु पारः Bhāg.6.9.24.

-3 The end; महिम्नः पारं ते Mahimna.1. (पारे meaning 'on the other side of', 'beyond' sometimes enters into comp.; e. g. पारेगङ्गम्, पारेसमुद्रम् beyond the Ganges or the ocean; मम लङ्कापुरी नाम्ना रम्या पारे महोदधेः Mb.3.274.35.)

-Comp. -अपारम्, -अवारम् both banks, the nearer and further bank. (

-रः) the sea, ocean; शोकपारावारमुत्तर्तुमशक्नुवती Dk.4; Bv.4.11.

-अयणम् 1 going across.

-2 reading through, perusal, thorough study.

-3 the whole, completeness, or totality of anything; as in ब्रह्मपारायणम्, मन्त्रपारायणम् &c. याज्ञवल्क्यो मुनिर्यस्मै ब्रह्मपारायणं जगौ Mv.1. 14.

-अयणी 1 N. of the goddess Sarasvatī.

-2 considering, meditation.

-3 an act, action.

-4 light.

-काम a. desirous of going to the other end.

-ग a.

1 crossing over, ferrying across.

-2 one who has gone to the end of, one who has completely mastered anything, completely familiar of conversant with (with gen. or in comp.); वेदपारगः Ms.2.148; Y.1.111.

-3 profoundly learned. (

-गम्) keeping, fulfilling (of a promise).

-गत, -गामिन् a. one who has gone to the other side or shore. (

-तः) an Arhat or deified saint with Jainas.

-चर a. emancipated forever.

-दर्शक a.

1 showing the opposite bank.

-2 transparent.

-दृश्वन् a.

1 far-seeing, wise, prudent.

-2 one who has seen the other side of anything, one who has completely mastered or has become familiar with anything; (cf. P.III.2.94); श्रुतिपारदृश्वा R.5.24.

-नेतृ a. making a person conversant with.

-समुद्रकः A variety of gems; Kau. A.2.11.29.

* * *

(stend; stóð, stóðum; staðinn), v.

1) to stand, opp. to sitja or liggja (hann stóð við vegginn);

koma standandi niðr, to come down on one’s feet;

skal mik niðr setja standanda, in a standing position;

standa fast, to stand fast;

standa höllum fœti, to stand slanting;

2) to stand, stick (G. skaut svá fast niðr skildinum, at hann stóð fastr í jörðunni);

sveininum stóð fiskbein í hálsi, the bone stuck in his throat;

3) to stand, remain;

borð stóðu, stood, were not removed;

4) to stand, be situated (bœr einn stóð skamt frá þeim);

5) to stand still, rest, pause (stóð þá kyrrt nökkura hríð);

verðr hér fyrst at standa sagan, the story must stop here for the present;

6) to last (hafði lengi staðit bardaginn);

7) to befit, become (konungr kvað þat eigi standa, at menn lægi svá);

ekki stendr þér slíkt, it does not befit thee;

8) to stand in a certain way, project, trend (fjögur horn ok stóðu fagrt, hit þriðja stóð í lopt upp);

stendr inn straumrinn, the tide (current) stands in;

blóðbogi stóð ór hvárutveggja eyranu, a stream of blood gushed out of both his ears;

kallar hann betr standa veðrit at fara landhallt, that the wind stands better for making land;

stóð vindr af landi, the wind blew from the land;

standa grunnt, to be shallow (vinátta okkur stendr grunnt);

9) to touch;

standa grunn, to stick on the ground (örkin stóð grunn);

10) to catch, overtake (hann drap menn Eiríks konungs, hvar sem hann stóð þá);

standa e-n at e-u, to catch one doing a thing (ef maðr verðr at því staðinn, at hann meiðir smala manna);

11) to stand, endure, bear (standa e-t or e-u);

12) to press, urge, trouble (elli stóð Hárek);

hvat stendr þik, what ails thee?

13) to weigh so much (gullhringr, er stóð mörk);

14) to stand by one, side with one, with dat.;

mikils er vert, hversu fast N. stendr þér um alla ráðagerð, how close N. stands by thee in all counsel;

15) with preps.:

standa af e-u, to proceed from, be caused by (opt stendr illt af kvenna hjali);

vil ok ek eigi, at af mér standi brigð okkarrar vináttu, nor do I wish to be the cause of a breach in our friendship;

standa af e-u við e-n, to give up, cede to one;

impers., segir hann honum, hvernig af stóð um ferð hans, how the matter stood as to his journey;

standa at e-m, to attack (var við sjálft, at þeir mundu standa at prestinum);

to stand by one, on one’s side (ek veit eigi víst, hvaðan G. inn ríki stendr at);

standa á e-u, to stand on, insist on (statt ei á því, er þér er bannat);

impers., stendr á illu einu með þeim, they are on very bad terms;

standa á e-m, to hang over one (sú skóggangssök, er á þér stendr); to refer to (þat heilræði stóð upp á þenna sama sendiboða);

standa eptir, to remain, be left;

standa fyrir e-u, to stand in the way of (þeir kváðu geip hennar ekki skyldu standa fyrir þingreið þeira);

standa e-m fyrir þrifum, to stand in the way of one’s thriving;

to stand before one, protect one (vér skulum Egil af lífi taka, en hlífa engum, er fyrir honum vill standa);

standa hjá e-m, to stand by one, assist one;

standa í e-u, to be engaged in, busied with (standa í bardögum, einvígum, málum, kvánbœnum);

impers., stendr í deilu með þeim, there is a quarrel between them;

standa með blóma, to be in a flourishing condition;

standa móti (á móti, í móti) e-u, to stand against;

standa saman, to stand together, be gathered, amassed (þar stóð auðr mikill saman);

standa til e-s, to tend towards;

standa til umbótar, to stand for mending, need it;

sem bœn yður stendr til, as your prayer tends to;

eptir þeim efnum, sem honum þœtti til standa, according to the merits of the case;

eptir því sem lög stóðu til, as the law was (taka þeir allir við bótum, sem lög stóðu til);

impers., stendr til e-s, it is to be expected, feared (til langra meina mun standa, ef);

standa e-m til e-s, to assist, help one (B. segir, hversu Ó. hafði honum til staðit);

standa undan, to be lacking (mikit stendr undan við hann í vinfenginu);

standa vel undir e-t, to support well, back it up well (munu margir vel undir þat standa);

standa undir e-m, to be in one’s possession, keeping (féit stendr undir honum);

standa upp, to stand up from a seat (þá stóð S. upp ok mælti hátt); to rise from bed (standa upp ok klæðast); to be left standing (fimm einir menn stóðu upp á skipinu);

standa uppi, to be left standing (K. hinn auðgi flýði ok allt lið hans, þat er uppi stóð; hús þau, er uppi stóðu);

to be laid up ashore, of a ship (stigu þeir á skip þat, er þar hafði uppi staðit um vetrinn);

of a corpse, to lie on the bier (lík Kjartans stóð uppi í viku í Hjarðarholti);

of a bow, to be kept bent (boginn má eigi einart uppi standa);

standa við e-u, to withstand (víkingar svá harðfengir, at ekki stendr við);

impers., stendr við e-t, it is on the verge of (þeir áttu svá harða leika, at við meiðingar stóð);

standa yfir e-u, to be present at (heldr vildi hann þenna kjósa en standa yfir drápi Þorgils frænda síns); to extend (þar er þeira ríki stendr yfir);

standa yfir, to stand over, last (hversu lengi skal fjárbón sjá yfir standa?);

í þessum griðum ok svardögum, sem yfir standa, which now stand, are in force;

16) refl., standast.

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pres. stend, stendr, stöndum, standit, standa; pret. stóð, stótt, stóttú (mod. stóðst, stóðstú), stóð, pl. stóðum; subj. stæði; imperat. statt, stattú (cp. stand-þú); part. staðinn; pret. infin. stóðu = stelisse, Fms. vi. (in a verse); a medial form, pres. stöndumk (= stat mihi), Fm. 1. Kormak; pret. stóðumk (= stabant mihi), Hm. 106: with neg. suff. stóð-k-at, Fas. iii. 22 (in a verse). [Common to all Indo-Germ. languages.]

A. To stand; þó at hann gangi eðr standi áðr, Grág. ii. 95; hann stóð við vegginn, … stóð á víxl fótunum, Sturl. ii. 158; standa höllum fæti, Nj. 97; koma standandi niðr, to come down standing (after a leap), 85, Grág. ii. 110; skal mik niðr setja standanda, in a standing position, Ld. 54; munkr er eigi mátti standa á bænum ok reikaði, Greg. 62; standa á götu e-s, Nj. 109; standa fast, to stand fast, 92; standa frammi, to stand, be on one’s feet, Fms. vii. 85; s. fyrir dómstóli keisarans, 656 C. 19; s. fyrir manni, to stand before a man, so as to screen him, Grág. ii. 12. 115, Eg. 357: s. hjá, to stand by, metaph. to assist, Fas. ii. 501: standa nær e-m, to stand near one, metaph. to back, Nj. 76; nær standa vinir Gunnars, 88.

2. to stay; Egill stóð meðan ok beið þeirra, Eg. 483; statt ( stop) ok trú mér, 623. 17.

3. to stand, stick; stóðu spjót þeirra ofan frá þeim, Nj. 253; at hann standi fastr í fönninni, 84; skildinum, svá at fastr stóð í vellinum, 262; öxin stóð á hamri, i. e. went through to the back, and stuck there, 165; sveininum stóð fiskbein í hálsi, the bone stuck in his throat, Blas. 40; ef nökkurum stendr bein í hálsi, 655 ix. B. 2: absol., það stendr í e-m, it sticks in one’s throat.

4. to stand, remain; borð stóðu, stood, were not removed, Fms. vii. 144; skála þann sem enn stendr í dag, Þórð. 58 new Ed.; svá lengi sem heimrinn stendr, Rb. 64; skyli bú yðr standa ú-rænt, Nj. 208.

5. to stand, be seated, placed;í þeim dal stendr kirkja, Greg. 57; kirkja sú er stendr í Reykja-holti, D. I. i. 476; bær einn stóð skamt frá þeim, Eg. 230; ór þeim sal er und þolli stendr … ask veit ek standa, … stóð fyrir norðan salr, sal veit hón standa, Vsp.; Lissibón stendr á Spáni, Fms. vii. 80; Narbón stendr vid Jórsala-haf, x. 85; öll þau fylki er í hans biskups-ríki stóðu, vii. 300; Illugastaði ok Hrafnagil er standa í Laxárdal, Dipl. v. 17; standa á bók, reikningi, skrá …, [Germ. es steht geschrieben], ii. 12, 13, Bs. i, passim. II. with prepp.; standa á e-u, to stand on, insist on, persevere in; statt eigi á því er þér er bannat, Mirm.; s. á illu ráði, id.; s. á hendi e-m, Nj. 88, Grág. i. 121 (see hönd); mest mundi á fyrir-mönnum standa, Nj. 106: to stand upon, s. á lögum, Js. 41; s. á rétti sínum, … standa á dómi e-s, to stand by, abide by:—s. gegn, á móti, to withstand, Hom. 7, Fms. ii. 36, 225, x. 401:—s. af e-u, to give up, Dan. afstaae, Fb. i. 523:—s. at, to help (at-stoð); hvaðan Guðmundr stendr at, … hvaðan sem hann stendr at, Nj. 214; þeim er þaðan standa at, 193:—s. eptir, to remain, N. G. L. i. 335, Fms. ii. 231, vi. 248, Grág. ii. 301, Eg. 202, Rb. 116, Hom. 12, Stj. 422 (eptir-stöðvar = arrears):—s. fyrir, to stand before, to stand in the way of a thing, Ísl. ii. 262, Fms. vi. 61, Grág. i. 140; s. e-m fyrir þrifum, Fms. ii. 154; s. e-m fyrir gleði, vii. 162; s. e-m fyrir svefni, Gísl. (in a verse); s. e-m fyrir ljósi, to stand in the way of one’s light; láta e-t s. fyrir kaupi, Nj. 17; láta s. fyrir kviðburði, 87; ef afl hefir staðit fyrir kvið þeirra, Grág. i. 53; þat á eigi fyrir málum at s., 106; eiðr Vermundar stóð fyrir, Fbr. 22; járni á hann fyrir at standa, N. G. L. i. 342; s. fyrir með eineiði, 346:—s. í e-u, to be deeply engaged in; s. í bardögum, einvígum, málum, stórmælum, kvánbænum, etc., Eg. 486, Ld. 262, Nj. 53, 224, 227, Ísl. ii. 216; standa í ábirgð, Dipl. v. 24; s. í þjónustu, Mar.:—standa saman, to stand together, put together in one place; þar stóðu saman fé mikil, Eg. 318; stóð úmegð mörg saman, Ísl. ii. 198; þar stóð auðr mikill saman, Ld. 124: to consist, Hom. 2:—s. undir e-u, to be subject to; s. undir prófi, Dipl. i. 6; féit stendr undir honum, is in his keeping, Grág. i. 395: standa undir með e-m, to support, Sturl. i. 20; s. vel undir e-t, to support well, back, Nj. 215, Fms. vii. 125; jarl stóð vel undir hans mál, viii. 282; munu margir vel undir þat s., to back it up well, Ó. H. 52:—standa upp, to stand up from a seat, Nj. 3, Fms. i. 33, x. 401: to rise from bed, Nj. 69, Eg. 121; s. upp fyrir dag, 577; s. upp ok klæðask, Ld. 44; hann liggr sjúkr … þar er standi aldri upp, Nj. 80 (standa upp ór sótt); s. upp með e-m, to rise, join one, Sturl. ii. 203:—s. uppi, of a ship, to be laid up ashore (during the winter), Nj. 259, Ísl. ii. 273: of a corpse, to lie on the bier, Fms. ii. 257, Ám. 101: of a bow, to be kept bent, 623. 19: standa upp, to be standing, be left standing on one’s feet; færri standa upp enn fallnir eru, Fms. xi. 110; stóðu þá enn upp mjök margir á skeiðinni, many still stood up (not dead or wounded), 142; flýði allt lið er upp stóð, Eg. 33; fimm einir menn stóðu upp á skipinu, Orkn. 356 old Ed., (new Ed. 414 l. c. leaves out ‘upp’); meðan ek má upp standa ok vápnum valda, Ld. 170: standa uppi, id., Fms, viii. 139, Hkr. i. 210:—standa við e-u, to withstand, Grág. i. 1, 336 (við-staða); svá harðfengir at ekki stendr við, Nj. 271; svá mikit troll at ekki stendr við honum, Bárð. 177; þeir skutu svá hart, at ekki stóðu við hlífarnar, Fms. i. 173: to stand against, stop, hann stóð við litla stund (við-staða, a pause, halt):—standa yfir, svá lengi sem þingboð stæði yfir, lasted, Fms. ii. 216: hversu lengi skal fjárbón sjá yfir standa? Nj. 141; í þessum griðum ok svardögum sem yfir standa, which now stand, are in force, Fms. xi. 365; þar er þeirra ríki stendr yfir, extends, Eg. 344.

B. Metaph. usage, to stand still, rest, pause; verðr hér fyrst at standa sagan, the story must stop here, Fms. vi. 56: nú skal hér standa um athæfi Varbelgja, ix. 473; skulu sóknir standa, meðan leiðangr er úti, Gþl. 486; útlegðar-sakir skulu eigi standa um várþing, Grág. i. 103; skyldi málit standa um nóttina til rannsaks, Fms. ix. 414; skal þá standa leigan í hross-verðinu, Grág. i. 434; stóð þá kyrrt nokkura hrið, Fms. xi. 397; at svá búit stæði, Nj. 139; eigi mátti svá búit s., Fms. ii. 9; standa með blóma; stendr búit með miklum blóma, Band. 2.

2. to last; Guðs ríki stendr ei ok ei, Hom. 160; ok standa eina þrjá vetr, Sks. 323; þá sjau daga sem veizlan stóð, Stj.; en er þrjár nætr hafði veizlan staðit, Landn. 117; hafði lengi staðit bardaginn, Odd. 18; er deildir várar s. lengr, Eg. 738; stóð mikil deila milli þeirra langa hríð, Fms. x. 169; stóð þetta heimboð nokkut skeið, Nj. 81; meðan erfit stóð, Eb. ch. 54; stóð hennar hagr með þeim hætti, Bs. ii. 166:—to be valid, skal þetta testamentum s. ok haldask, Dipl. iv. 8; ok standa enn þau lög, Ver. 52; um tólf mánaðr stendr þeirra mál, Grág. i. 143; skal þat allt s. ok satt vera, 655 xxvii. 28; hans tala skal s. á fé sjálfs hans, K. Þ. K. 146; má þat eigi s. né fyrir satt halda, Stj. 31; hann mun láta s. boð þessi (stand by it), Nj. 77; þrjú kúgildi þau er standa með jörðunni, Dipl. iii. 8; ekki á Bjarkeyjar-réttr á því máli at standa, this case does not fall under the town jurisdiction, Fms. vii. 130; stendr þat mál ( it extends) um þrjá fjórðunga, Grág. i. 464.

3. to befit, become; konungr kvað þat ekki standa, at menn lægi svá, Fms. x. 157; berr þat eigi né stendr þvílíkum, Stj. 132; hví stalt þú guðum mínum, ekki stendr þér slíkt, 181.

4. phrases, nú stóð í stilli, see stilli; var þat boð með svá miklu kappi, at stóð í stönginni (cp. Dan. saa at det stod efter), Fms. xi. 424; standa í háska, Mar.

5. sem inn átti dagr Jóla standi á Dróttins degi, Rb. 128; en á þeim degi stóð Ólafs messu-aptann, Hom. 111.

II. of direction, to stand in a certain way, project, trend; fjögur horn ok stóðu fagrt, hit þriðja stóð í lopt upp, hit fjórða stóð ór enni, ok niðr fyrir augu honum, Ld. 120; geitar-horn stendr ór höfði henni, Fms. vii. 156; vápn stóðu á Birkibeini svá þykt at varla mátti hann falla, 325; gákk af bryggjunni eðr spjotið stendr á þér, 144; ella hefði spjótið staðit gegnum hann, Nj. 246; blóðbogi stóð ór hváru-tveggja eyranu, 210, Fms. vi. 419; boginn stóð inn um ræfrit, Eg. 239; kallar hann betr standa veðrit, at fara landhallt, the wind stands better for making land, Fms. x. 347; sunnan-vindr hvass ok stóð at virkinu, xi. 34; stóð gnæðingr með fjöllum, Bárð. 171; af íllsku ok úþef þeim er af stóð, Fms. iii. 128; stóð vindr af landi, Vigl. 79 new Ed.; stendr inn straumrinn, Bs. ii. 143: stóð stropinn um kyrtilinn, Clar.; standa grunnt, to be shallow; vinátta okkur stendr grunnt, Eg. 520; stóð hón alla vega jörð, touched the earth. Art.; stafir stórir ok stóðu grunn í ánni, Fb. ii. 19; örkin stóð grunn, stuck to the ground, Stj. 50, Gþl. 460, Grág. ii. 358; þrjár rætr standa; á þrjá vega undir aski Yggdrasils, Gm.; augu yður standa lengra fram, Sturl. iii. 129; finnr konungr at mikit stendr undan við hann í vinfenginu al hendi Sigvalda, Fms. xi. 106; heilræðit stóð á þenna sama sendiboða, referred to him, 433; hvaðan Guðmundr inn ríki stendr, on which side he stands, with whom he sides, Nj. 214.

2. to proceed from, be caused by; eigi standa þin orð af litlu fári, Fas. i. 195; stóð lítil stjórn af honum, Fms. xi. 223; þótti af honum minni ógn standa, Eg. 268; e-m stendr mein, úhapp, útili, íllt, gagn, hjálp … af e-m, 175; guðin rökðu til spádóma at af systkinum þessum mundi þeim mikil mein ok úhapp standa, Edda 18, Nj. 65, Barl. 39; eigi mun svá mikit íllt af þér standa, Nj. 368; opt stendr íllt af kvenna hjali. Gísl. 15: yðr munn vandræði af standa, Nj. 175.

3. standa til, to tend towards; nú stóð áðr til svá mikils váða, at …, Fms. vii. 144; þá stendr þó til meira geigs, xi. 275; standa til umbótar, to stand for mending, need it, Fb. ii. 234; flest frumsmíð stendr til bóta, needs mending; standa til mikils kostnaðar, D. N. ii. 18; sem bæn yður stendr til, tends to, Nj. 192; hvárt honum standi hugr til nökkurrar konu, Ísl. ii. 285; engi ván eða verðleikr stendr til at fáisk, Al. 91; sem bæn yður stendr til, Nj. 192; eptir þeim efnum sem honum þætti til standa, according to the merits of the case, Fms. vii. 60; eptir þvi sem lög stódu til, as the law stood, Nj. 146, Ld. 28; frekari álög en forn lög stæði til, Fms. xi. 224; latari enn líkendi stæði til, 256; fremr enn ritningar stóðu til, tended towards, i. e. warranted, Mar.; líta á mál hans eptir þeim efnum sem honum þætti til standa, as the merits were, Fms. vii. 60; eptir því sem lög stóðu til, Nj. 146, Ld. 28; standa til váða ok auðnar, Fms. x. 271.

III. to catch, overtake; hann drap menn Eiríks konungs hvar sem hann stóð þá, Hkr. i. 91; var hverr drepinn þar er staðinn varð, 107; lét hann ræna hvar sem hann stóð þá, Fms. vii. 181; hörmuðu bæði at þau máttu eigi fá staðit hann, Hom. 120; ef hann er með vátta inni staðinn, Grág. ii. 18; ef maðr tekr fé manns ok vinnr þjófskap at, enda standi hinn hann (acc.) at þvi er fé þat á, svá at handnumit verðr, ok …, 136; hinum er þýfð var í höndum staðin, id.; nú stendr maðr fé sitt þjófstolit í hendi öðrum manni, Gþl. 537.

2. to stand, i. e. to endure or bear; hverr sem fyrir-smár dómarann, ok vill eigi dóm standa, N. G. L. i. 452: to discharge, skal dæma landit þeim manni er varðveizlu stendr, to the man who stands as guardian, Grág. ii. 251; sá er vitna þarf skal standa þeim kost allan, Jb. 358.

3. to press, urge, trouble; ef ofviðri stendr mann, N. G. L. i. 349; Alfhildi stóð sótt, Hkr. ii. 199, Stj. 425; mun þik nú hræðsla standa, Fas. iii. 429; elli stóð Hárek, Ísl. ii. 482; hver fjölskylda sem þik stendr, Fms, xi. 429; segja máttu hvat þik stendr, what urges thee. Mar.; ok vænti af þér mests trausts, því heldr sem mik stendr meirr, Fms. iii. 70; standa mik svá stórar þröngslir, at …, Stj. 495; hvat stendr þik, what ails thee? Grett. 75 new Ed.; hvat stendr þik, Bergr, sagði biskup, Bs. i. 807; því at eins at þeim (þá?) standi ofviðri, N. G. L. i. 371.

4. to be of weight, value; skal hann eigi standa tómr meirr enn átta merkr, Gþl. 524; gullhringr stendr sex aura, mörk, Fms. ii. 246, xi. 204; strútrinn stóð tíu merkr, 77; vættir þær er hver þeirra standi hálfa níundu mörk, Gþl. 523.

C. Reflex. to stand right, be able to stand; steðjaði hann upp yfir törguna ok stóðsk þó, Nj. 144; þar mundir þú eigi hafa staðizk fylgjur þeirra Þorvarðs, Lv. 104; hann druknaði, því hann stóðsk ekki fjölkyngi Ragnars, Bárð. 181.

2. standask e-t, standask áhlaup, Sks. 411; höggum standask fáir, Sks. 411 B; fáir stóðusk honum, þótt fræknir væri, Grett. 87 A; gull stendsk elding, Grág. i. 501; þetta éi var með svá miklum býsnum, at ekki máttu sumir menn betr enn fá staðizk, Fms, xi. 136; var við sjálft at ek mætta eigi standask, x. 331; stóðsk hann eigi ok dó, 623. 33; hví lét Guð þeira freista, þar er hann sá at þau máttu eigi standask, Eluc. 28; at þér standisk jafnvel ef þér sjáit frændr yðra svívirða, Fms. v. 270.

3. to stand, bear, tolerate; hann skekr at honum sverðit, þetta fá þeir eigi staðizk ok hlaupa, Ísl. ii. 364; Kári stóðsk þetta eigi, Nj. 270; Björn stóðsk eigi ámælis-orð Sigmundar, Valla L. 218; standask frýju-orð, Fær. 196.

4. standask við e-m, to stand, be able to withstand; Heiðrekr vá með Tyrfingi ok stóðsk ekki við honum, Fas. i. 526; engi hlutr var svá sterkr at standask mætti fyrir honum. Edda.

5. to be valid; skulut mál hans standask um þá sök, Grág. i. 64; á þeirra dómr at standask, 80; eigu jammikit þeira orð at standask, sem annarra lögréttu-manna, 10; ef þú kemr til konungsins, ok megi þín orð nokkut standask, Fms. xi. 193; hennar orð stóðusk svá mikit, at …, Fas. i. 208; um þat vilda ek at mín at kvæði stæðisk, at …, Eb. 98.

6. of direction, to proceed from; standask af e-m, af henni mun standask allt it ílla, Nj. 49; svá stenzk af um ferð mína, the matter stands so as to my journey; Ólafr sagði jarli hversu af stóðsk um ferð hans, Ld. 112 (hversu af stóð, 340); ekki sagði Kjartan föður sínum hversu af stóðsk um ferð þessa, 208; Gautr segir honum geiniliga allt hversu af stóðsk inn ferðir hans, Fms. iii. 57; svá stendsk af um ferðir mínar, at ek má hér ekki dvelja lengr, vi. 350; eigi veit ek hvernig af stenzk (stennz) um för þína, hvárt þú ferr nökkut í konungs leyfi, Ó. H. 143.

7. a middle form; yfir ok undir stóðumk jötna vegir, the ‘giant-ways’ ( rocks) stood above and below, Hm.; stöndumk hjörr til hjarta, the sword touches me to the heart, Fm. 1.

II. recipr. to stand opposite one another in the same line: to meet, of ends; þat stóðsk á, nesit þvert ok fylking þeirra, Ísl. ii. 326; stóðsk þat á, at Jólin þraut ok lokit var sögunni. Fms. vi. 356; vígin Áskels ok Steingríms skyldi á standask, Rd. 281; stóðsk þat á endum ok ostkistan, Nj. 76; stóðsk þat á endum ok þat er Gunnarr; átti at gjalda, 111; létu þeir þat á endum standask, 120; standask á mót; sandmelr sá er á stendzk ok Seftjörn, Gísl. 23; bær hans stóðsk á ok konungs atsetr, Fas. ii. 63: bíða þess at á stæðisk misganga straumanna ok austan-veðr, Orkn. 266: stendzk heldr í móti með þeim hjónum, they were rather at sixes and sevens, did not agree well, Bjarn. 21: hendingar standask sem næst, to stand as close to one another as possible, Edda (Ht.); tungl þau er næst standask, nearest to one another, Rb. 34, 1812. 56.

III. staðinn = staddr, steadfast, placed, abiding; hvar sem maðr er staðinn, N. G. L. i. 163; vildi hann nú til staðins vita ( knew for certain) hver svör jarl vildi gefa, Vígl. 18.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to stir' (in compp.), `to become, to take place, to be' (Il.).

Other forms: more rare πέλω, aor. 2. a. 3. sg. ἔπλε-ο, - το, act. ἔπλε (Μ 11; v. l. ἦεν).

Compounds: Also w. prefix (esp. in aor. ptc. περι-, ἐπι-πλόμενος).

Derivatives: l. πόλος m. `axis, axis of the world, pole, vault of heaven, round disc of the sun dial etc.' (IA.); denom. ptc. ὁ πολεύων of the presiding planet ( Cod. Astr., PMag. a.o.). 2. - πόλος in synthetic compp. like αἰ-πόλος, δικας-πόλος (s. vv.), ἱππο-πόλος `horse-breeding' (Il.), νυκτι-πόλος `traveling by night' (E. in lyr.); τρί-πολος `ploughed thrice' (Hom., Hes.); from the prefixed verbs ἀμφίπολ-ος (s. v.: ἀμφι-πέλομαι, - πολέω), περίπολ-ος a.o.; cf. below. 3. Deverbatives: a. πολέω, - έομαι, often w. prefix, e.g. ἀμφι-, ἀνα-, περι-, προσ- `to go about, to wander around, to get etc.' (Pi., Att. etc.); also w. nominal 1. member, e.g. πυρ-πολέω `to watch a fire' (Od., X.), `to ravage with fire, to destroy' (IA.); besides, partly as backformations, περί-, πρόσ-πολος, πυρ-πόλος, πύρ-πολος a.o.; trans. `to turn (said of the earth), to root up, to plough' (Hes. Op. 462, Nik. Al. 245). b. πολεύω (χ 223, trans. S. in lyr.) `id.', from ἀμφι-πολεύω (ep. Od., Hdt.), where metr. conditioned for - έω (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 368, cf. also Schwyzer 732); on the denom. ptc. ὁ πολεύων s. on 1. above. c. πωλέομαι, also w. ἐπι-, `to come or go frequently' (Il.) with ἐπιπώλη-σις f. `muster, review of the army' (name of Il. 4, 250ff. by Gramm., Str., Plu.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [639] * kʷel- `turn (around)'

Etymology: The themat. presens πέλομαι, -ω agrees formally exactly with Lat. colō, - ere (from * quelō: in-quil-īnus, Es- quil-iae) `build upon, inhabit, attend, honour', with Skt. cárati, -te `move around, wander, drive (on the meadow), graze' and with Alb. siell `turn around, turn, bring': IE *kʷélō. An enlargement of it is Toch. B klautk-, A lotk- `turn around, turn, become' (v. Windekens Orbis 11, 195 f.); s. τελευτή. Because of the maintenance of the π- before ε πέλομαι must be Aeolic (Schwyzer 300, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 114); the otherwise to be expected τ- is seen in τέλομαι, τέλλομαι, τελέθω, τέλος (s. vv.). The old connection with cattle-breeding and agriculture is found also in Greek, where the meaning of the verb further soon faded, in compp. as αἰ-πόλος, βου-κόλος (s. vv.), τρί-πολος. With the deverbative πολέω agrees formally Alb. kiell `bring, carry' (*kʷolei̯ō). The formal identity of πωλέομαι and the Skt. causative cāráyati is secondary. The zero grade themat. aor. ἔ-πλ-ετο is isolated. -- To the primary verb was, esp. in Latin and Indo-Iranian, built a series of new nouns. Old are ἀμφίπολος (s. v.) = Lat. anculus and several words for `car, wagon' (s. κύκλος). Note still περίπολος m. `patrolling guardian' (Epich., Att.) = Skt. (Ved.) paricará- m. `servant'; on the accen (Greek innovation?) Schwyzer 379 a. 381. The regular o-derivation πόλος may have an agreement in Lat. colus -ūs or -ī `distaff'; the comparison is however not unproblematic (s. W.-Hofmann s. v.). Also Toch. B kele `navel' could be identical wit it; diff. v. Windekens Orbis 11, 602 (Ural. LW [loanword]). -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 1, 514ff., Pok. 639f., W.-Hofmann s. colō and collus, Mayrhofer s. cárati; further also Ernout-Meillet s. colō w. very important remarks. -- Here further πάλαι, πάλιν, τῆλε (s. v.). Cf. also ἐμπολή and ἔπιπλα.

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अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.']

1 Fire कोप˚, चिन्ता˚, शोक˚, ज्ञान˚, राज˚, &c.

-2 The God of fire.

-3 Sacrificial fire of three kinds (गार्हपत्य, आहवनीय and दक्षिण); पिता बै गार्हपत्यो$ ग्निर्माताग्निर्दक्षिणः स्मृतः । गुरुराहवनीयस्तु साग्नित्रेता गरीयसी ॥ Ms. 2.232.

-4 The fire of the stomach, digestive faculty, gastric fluid.

-5 Bile (नाभेरूर्ध्व हृदयादधस्तादामाशयमाचक्षते तद्गतं सौरं तेजः पित्तम् इत्याचक्षते).

-6 Cauterization (अग्नि- कर्मन्).

-7 Gold.

-8 The number three. शराग्निपरिमाणम् (पञ्चत्रिंशत्) Mb.13.17.26.

-9 N. of various plants: (a) चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica; (b) रक्तचित्रक; (c) भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium; (d) निम्बक Citrus Acida.

-1 A mystical substitute for the letter र्. In Dvandva comp. as first member with names of deities, and with particular words अग्नि is changed to अग्ना, as ˚विष्णू, ˚मरुतौ, or to अग्नी, ˚पर्जन्यौ, ˚ वरुणौ, ˚षोमौ

-11 पिङगला नाडी; यत्र तद् ब्रह्म निर्द्वन्द्वं यत्र सोमः, (इडा) सहाग्निना (अग्निः पिङ्गला) Mb.14.2.1.

-12 Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28.

-13 Sky. अग्निर्मूर्धा Muṇḍ 2.1.4. [cf. L. ignis.

[Agni is the God of Fire, the Ignis of the Latins and Ogni of the Slavonians. He is one of the most prominent deities of the Ṛigveda. He, as an immortal, has taken up his abode among mortals as their guest; he is the domestic priest, the successful accomplisher and protector of all ceremonies; he is also the religious leader and preceptor of the gods, a swift messenger employed to announce to the immortals the hymns and to convey to them the oblations of their worshippers, and to bring them down from the sky to the place of sacrifice. He is sometimes regarded as the mouth and the tongue through which both gods and men participate in the sacrifices. He is the lord, protector and leader of people, monarch of men, the lord of the house, friendly to mankind, and like a father, mother, brother &c. He is represented as being produced by the attrition of two pieces of fuel which are regarded as husband and wife. Sometimes he is considered to have been brought down from heaven or generated by Indra between two clouds or stones, created by Dyau, or fashioned by the gods collectively. In some passages he is represented as having a triple existence, which may mean his three- fold manifestations as the sun in heaven, lightning in the atmosphere, and as ordinary fire on the earth, although the three appearances are also elsewhere otherwise explained. His epithets are numberless and for the most part descriptive of his physical characteristics: धूमकेतु, हुतभुज्, शुचि, रोहिताश्व, सप्तजिह्व, तोमरधर, घृतान्न, चित्रभानु, ऊर्ध्वशोचिस्, शोचिष्केश, हरिकेश, हिरण्यदन्त, अयोदंष्ट्र &c. In a celebrated passage he is said to have 4 horns, 3 feet, 2 heads, and 7 hands. The highest divine functions are ascribed to Agni. He is said to have spread out the two worlds and + produced them, to have supported heaven, formed the mundane regions and luminaries of heaven, to have begotten Mitra and caused the sun to ascend the sky. He is the head and summit of the sky, the centre of the earth. Earth, Heaven and all beings obey his commands. He knows and sees all worlds or creatures and witnesses all their actions. The worshippers of Agni prosper, they are wealthy and live long. He is the protector of that man who takes care to bring him fuel. He gives him riches and no one can overcome him who sacrifices to this god. He confers, and is the guardian of, immortality. He is like a water-trough in a desert and all blessing issue from him. He is therefore constantly supplicated for all kinds of boons, riches, food, deliverance from enemies and demons, poverty, reproach, childlessness, hunger &c. Agni is also associated with Indra in different hymns and the two gods are said to be twin brothers.

Such is the Vedic conception of Agni; but in the course of mythological personifications he appears as the eldest son of Brahmā and is called Abhimānī [Viṣṇu Purāṇa]. His wife was Svāhā; by her, he had 3 sons - Pāvaka, Pavamāna and Śuchi; and these had forty-five sons; altogether 49 persons who are considered identical with the 49 fires. He is also represented as a son of Aṅgiras, as a king of the Pitṛs or Manes, as a Marut and as a grandson of Śāṇḍila, and also as a star. The Harivaṁśa describes him as clothed in black, having smoke for his standard and head-piece and carrying a flaming javelin. He is borne in a chariot drawn by red horses and the 7 winds are the wheels of his car. He is accompanied by a ram and sometimes he is represented as riding on that animal. Agni was appointed by Brahamā as the sovereign of the quarter between the south and east, whence the direction is still known as Āgneyī. The Mahābhārata represents Agni as having exhausted his vigour and become dull by devouring many oblations at the several sacrifices made by king Śvetaki, but he recruited his strength by devouring the whole Khāṇḍava forest; for the story see the word खाण्डव].

-Comp. -अ (आ) गारम् -रः, -आलयः, -गृहम् [अग्निकार्याय अगारम् शाक˚ त.] a fire- sanctuary, house or place for keeping the sacred fire; वसंश्चतुर्थो$ग्निरिवाग्न्यगारे R.5.25. रथाग्न्यगारं चापार्चीं शरशक्तिगदे- न्धनम् Mb.11.25.14.

-अस्त्रम् fire-missile, a rocket,

-आत्मक a. [अग्निरात्मा यस्य] of the nature of fire सोमा- त्मिका स्त्री, ˚कः पुमान्.

-आधानम् consecrating the fire; so ˚आहिति.

-आधेयः [अग्निराधेयो येन] a Brāhmana who maintains the sacred fire. (

-यम्) =

˚आधानम्. -आहितः [अग्निराहितो येन, वा परनिपातः P.II.2.37.] one who maintains the sacred fire; See आहिताग्नि.

-इध् m. (अग्नीध्रः) [अग्निम् इन्द्धे स अग्नीध्] the priest who kindles fire (mostly Ved).

-इन्धनः [अग्निरिध्यते अनेन] N. of a Mantra. (नम्) kindling the fire; अग्नीन्धनं भैक्षचर्याम् Ms.2.18.

-उत्पातः [अग्निना दिव्यानलेन कृतः उत्पातः] a fiery portent, meteor, comet &c. In Bṛ. S.33 it is said to be of five kinds: दिवि भुक्तशुभफलानां पततां रूपाणि यानि तान्युल्काः । धिष्ण्योल्का- शनिविद्युत्तारा इति पञ्चधा भिन्नाः ॥ उल्का पक्षेण फलं तद्वत् धिष्ण्याशनिस्त्रिभिः पक्षैः । विद्युदहोभिः ष़ड्भिस्तद्वत्तारा विपाचयति ॥ Different fruits are said to result from the appearances of these portents, according to the nature of their colour, position &c.

-उद्धरणम्, -उद्धारः 1 producing fire by the friction of two araṇis.

-2 taking out, before sun-rise, the sacred fire from its cover of ashes previous to a sacrifice.

-उपस्थानम् worship of Agni; the Mantra or hymn with which Agni is worshipped (अग्निरुपस्थीयते$नेन) अग्निस्त्रिष्टुभ् उपस्थाने विनियोगः Sandhyā.

-एधः [अग्निमेधयति] an incendiary.

-कणः; -स्तोकः a spark.

-कर्मन् n. [अग्नौ कर्म स. त.]

1 cauterization.

-2 action of fire.

-3 oblation to Agni, worship of Agni (अग्निहोत्र); so ˚कार्य offering oblations to fire, feeding fire with ghee &c.; निर्वर्तिताग्निकार्यः K.16.; ˚र्यार्धदग्ध 39, Ms.3.69, अग्निकार्यं ततः कुर्यात्सन्ध्ययोरुभयोरपि । Y.1.25.

-कला a part (or appearance) of fire; ten varieties are mentioned धूम्रार्चिरुष्मा ज्वलिनी ज्वालिनी विस्फु- लिङ्गिनी । सुश्री: सुरूपा कपिला हव्यकव्यवहे अपि ॥ यादीनां दश- वर्णानां कला धर्मप्रदा अमूः ।).

-कारिका [अग्निं करोति आधत्ते करणे कर्तृत्वोपचारात् कर्तरि ण्वुल्]

1 the means of consecrating the sacred fire, the Ṛik called अग्नीध्र which begins with अग्निं दूतं पुरो दधे. 2. = अग्निकार्यम्.

-काष्ठम् अग्नेः उद्दीपनं काष्ठं शाक ˚त.] agallochum (अगुरु)

-कुक्कुटः [अग्नेः कुक्कुट इव रक्तवर्णस्फुलिङ्गत्वात्] a firebrand, lighted wisp of straw.

-कुण्डम [अग्नेराधानार्थं कुण्डम्] an enclosed space for keeping the fire, a fire-vessel.

-कुमारः, -तनयः; सुतः 1 N. of Kārttikeya said to be born from fire; Rām.7. See कार्त्तिकेय.

-2 a kind of preparation of medicinal drugs.

-कृतः Cashew-nut; the plant Anacardium occidentale. [Mar.काजू]

-केतुः [अग्नेः केतुरिव]

1 smoke.

-2 N. of two Rākṣasas on the side of Rāvaṇa and killed by Rāma.

-कोणः -दिक् the south-east corner ruled over by Agni; इन्द्रो वह्निः पितृपतिर्नौर्ऋतो वरुणो मरुत् । कुबेर ईशः पतयः पूर्वादीनां दिशां क्रमात् ॥

-क्रिया [अग्निना निर्वर्तिता क्रिया, शाक. त.]

1 obsequies, funeral ceremonies.

-2 branding; भेषजाग्निक्रियासु च Y.3.284.

-क्रीडा [तृ. त.] fire-works, illuminations.

-गर्भ a. [अग्निर्गर्भे यस्य] pregnant with or containing fire, having fire in the interior; ˚र्भां शमीमिव Ś 4.3. (

--र्भः) [अग्निरिव जारको गर्भो यस्य]

1 N. of the plant Agnijāra.

-2 the sun stone, name of a crystal supposed to contain and give out fire when touched by the rays of the sun; cf Ś2.7.

-3 the sacrificial stick अरणि which when churned, gives out fire.

(-र्भा) 1 N. of the Śamī plant as containing fire (the story of how Agni was discovered to exist in the interior of the Śamī plant is told in chap. 35 of अनु- शासनपर्व in Mb.)

-2 N. of the earth (अग्नेः सकाशात् गर्भो यस्यां सा; when the Ganges threw the semen of Śiva out on the Meru mountain, whatever on earth &c. was irradiated by its lustre, became gold and the earth was thence called वसुमती)

-3 N. of the plant महा- ज्योतिष्मती लता (अग्निरिव गर्भो मध्यभागो यस्याः सा) [Mar. माल- कांगोणी]

-ग्रन्थः [अग्निप्रतिपादको ग्रन्थः शाक. त.] the work that treats of the worship of Agni &c.

-घृतम् [अग्न्युद्दीपनं घृतं शाक. त.] a kind of medicinal preparation of ghee used to stimulate the digestive power.

-चित् m. अग्निं चितवान्; चि-भूतार्थे क्विप् P.III.2.91] one who has kept the sacred fire; यतिभिः सार्धमनग्निमग्निचित् R.8.25; अध्वरे- ष्वग्निचित्वत्सु Bk.5.11.

-चयः, -चयनम्, -चित्या. arranging or keeping the sacred fire (अग्न्याधान); चित्याग्निचित्ये च P.III.1.132.

-2 (

-यः, -यनः) the Mantra used in this operation.

-3 a heap of fire

-चित्वत् [अग्निचयनम् अस्त्यस्मिन् मतुप्; मस्य वः । तान्तत्वान्न पद- त्वम् Tv.] having अग्निचयन or अग्निचित्.

-चूडः A bird having a red tuft.

-चर्णम् gunpowder. कार्यासमर्थः कत्यस्ति शस्त्रगोलाग्निचूर्णयुक् Śukranīti 2.93.

-ज, -जात a. produced by or from fire, born from fire.

(-जः, -जातः) 1 N. of the plant अग्निजार (अग्नये अग्न्युद्दीपनाय जायते सेवनात् प्रभवति).

1 N. of Kārttikeya पराभिनत्क्रौञ्चमिवाद्रिमग्निजः Mb.8.9. 68.3. Viṣṇu. (

-जम्, -जातम) gold; so ˚जन्मन्.

-जित् m. God; Bhāg.8.14.4.

-जिह्व a.

1 having a fiery tongue.

-2 one having fire for the tongue, epithet of a God or of Visṇu in the boar incarnation. (

-ह्वा)

1 a tongue or flame of fire.

-2 one of the 7 tongues of Agni (कराली धूमिनी श्वेता लोहिता नीललोहिता । सुवर्णा पद्मरागा च जिह्वा: सप्त विभावसोः

-3 N. of a plant लाङ्गली (अग्नेर्जिह्वेव शिखा यस्याः सा); of another plant (जलपिप्पली) or गजपिप्पली (विषलाङ्गला) (Mar. जल-गज पिंपळी)

-ज्वाला 1 the flame or glow of fire.

-2 [अग्नेर्ज्वालेव शिखा यस्याः सा] N. of a plant with red blossoms, chiefly used by dyers, Grislea Tomentosa (Mar. धायफूल, धायटी).

-तप् a. [अग्निना तप्यते; तप्-क्विप्] having the warmth of fire; practising austerities by means of fire.

-तपस् a. [अग्निभिः तप्यते]

1 practising very aus- tere penance, standing in the midst of the five fires.

-2 glowing, shining or burning like fire (तपतीति तपाः अग्निरिव तपाः) hot as fire

-तेजस् a. having the lustre or power of fire. (अग्नेरिव तेजो यस्य). (

-स् n.) the lustre of fire. (

-स् m.) N. of one of the 7 Ṛiṣis of the 11th Manvantara.

-त्रयम् the three fires, See under अग्नि.

-द a. [अग्निं दाहार्थं गृहादौ ददाति; दा. -क.]

1 giving or supplying with fire

-2 tonic, stomachic, producing appetite, stimulating digestion.

-3 incendiary; अग्निदान् भक्तदांश्चैव Ms.9.278; अग्निदानां च ये लोकाः Y.2.74; so ˚दायक, ˚दायिन्. यदग्निदायके पापं यत्पापं गुरुतल्पगे. Rām.2.75.45.

-दग्ध a.

1 burnt on the funeral pile; अग्निदग्धाश्च ये जीवा ये$प्यदग्धाः कुले मम Vāyu. P.

-2 burnt with fire.

-3 burnt at once without having fire put into the mouth, being destitute of issue (?); (pl.) a class of Manes or Pitṛis who, when alive, kept up the household flame and presented oblations to fire.

-दमनी [अग्निर्दम्यते$नया; दम्-णिच् करणे ल्युट] a narcotic plant, Solanum Jacquini. [Mar. रिंगणी]

-दातृ [अग्निं विधानेन ददाति] one who performs the last (funeral) ceremonies of a man; यश्चाग्निदाता प्रेतस्य पिण्डं दद्यात्स एव हि.

-दीपन a. [अग्निं दीपयति] stimulating digestion, stomachic, tonic.

-दीप्त a. [तृ. त्त.] glowing, set on fire, blazing (

-प्ता) [अग्निर्जठरानलो दीप्तः सेवनात् यस्याः सा] N. of a plant ज्योतिष्मती लता (Mar. मालकांगोणी), which is said to stimulate digestion.

-दीप्तिः f. active state of digestion.

-दूत a. अग्निर्दूत इव यस्मिन् यस्य वा] having Agni for a messenger, said of the sacrifice or the deity invoked; यमं ह यज्ञो गच्छत्यग्निदूतो अरंकृतः Rv.1.14.13.

-दूषितः a. branded.

-देवः [अग्नि- रेव देवः] Agni; a worshipper of Agni.

-देवा [अग्निर्देवो यस्याः] the third lunar mansion, the Pleiades (कृत्तिका).

-द्वारम् the door on the south-east of a building; पूर्व- द्वारमथैशाने चाग्निद्वारं तु दक्षिणे । Māna.9.294-95.

-धानम् [अग्निर्धियते$स्मिन्] the place or receptacle for keeping the sacred fire, the house of अग्निहोतृ; पदं कृणुते अग्निधाने Rv. 1.165.3.

-धारणम् maintaining the sacred fire; व्रतिनां ˚णम् K. 55.

-नयनम् = ˚प्रणयनम्.

-निर्यासः [अग्नेर्ज- ठरानलस्येव दीपको निर्यासो यस्य] N. of the plant अग्निजार.

-नेत्र a. [अग्निर्नेता यस्य] having Agni for the leader or conveyer of oblations, an epithet of a god in general.

-पदम् 1 the word Agni.

-2 fire-place.

-3 N. of a plant.

-परिक्रि-ष्क्रि-या care of the sacred fire, worship of fire, offering oblations; गृहार्थो$ग्निपरिष्क्रिया Ms.2.67.

-परिच्छदः the whole sacrificial apparatus; गृह्यं चाग्निपरिच्छदम् Ms.6. 4.

-परिधानम् enclosing the sacrificial fire with a kind of screen.

-परीक्षा [तृ. त.] ordeal by fire.

-पर्वतः [अग्निसाधनं पर्वतः] a volcano; महता ज्वलता नित्यमग्निमेवाग्नि- पर्वतः Rām.5.35.43.

-पुच्छः [अग्नेः अग्न्याधानस्थानस्य पुच्छ इव]. tail or back part of the sacrificial place; the extinction of fire.

-पुराणम् [अग्निना प्रोक्तं पुराणम्] one of the 18 Purāṇas ascribed to Vyāsa. It derives its name from its having been communicated originally by Agni to the sage Vasiṣṭha for the purpose of instructing him in the two-fold knowledge of Brahman. Its stanzas are said to be 145. Its contents are varied. It has portions on ritual and mystic worship, cosmical descriptions, chapters on the duties of Kings and the art of war, a chapter on law, some chapters on Medicine and some treatises on Rhetoric, Prosody, Grammar, Yoga, Brahmavidyā &c. &c.

-प्रणयनम् bringing out the sacrificial fire and consecrating it according to the proper ritual.

-प्रणिधिः Incendiary. Dk.2.8.

-प्रतिष्ठा consecration of fire, especially the nuptial fire.

-प्रवेशः; -शनम [स. त.] entering the fire, self-immolation of a widow on the funeral pile of her husband.

-प्रस्कन्दनम् violation of the duties of a sacrificer (अग्निहोमाकरण); ˚परस्त्वं चाप्येवं भविष्यसि Mb.1.84.26.

-प्रस्तरः [अग्निं प्रस्तृणाति अग्नेः प्रस्तरो वा] a flint, a stone producing fire.

-बाहुः [अग्ने- र्बाहुरिव दीर्घशिखत्वात्]

1 smoke.

-2 N. of a son of the first Manu; Hariv. N. of a son of Priyavrata and Kāmyā. V. P.

-बीजम् 1 the seed of Agni; (fig.) gold (रुद्रतेजः समुद्भूतं हेमबीजं विभावसोः)

-2 N. of the letter र्.

-भम [अग्नि- रिव भाति; भा-क.]

1 'shining like fire,' gold.

-2 N. of the constellation कृत्तिका.

-भु n. [अग्नेर्भवति; भू-क्विप् ह्रस्वान्तः]

1 water.

-2 gold.

-भू a. [अग्नेर्भवतिः भू-क्विप्] produced from fire.

(भूः) 1 'fire-born,' N. of Kārttikeya.

-2 N. of a teacher (काश्यप) who was taught by Agni.

-3 (arith.) six.

-भूति a. produced from fire. (

-तिः) [अग्निरिव भूतिरैश्वर्यं यस्य] N. of a pupil of the last Tīrthaṅkara. (

-तिः) f. the lustre or might of fire.

-भ्राजस् a. Ved. [अग्निरिव भ्राजते; भ्राज्-असुन्] shining like fire. अग्निभ्राजसो विद्युतः Ṛv.5.54.11.

-मणिः [अग्नेरुत्थापको मणिः शाक. त.] the sunstone.

-मथ् m. [अग्निं मथ्नाति निष्पादयति; मन्थ्-क्विप्- नलोपः]

1 the sacrificer who churns the fuel-stick.

-2 the Mantra used in this operation, on the अरणि itself.

-मन्थः, -न्थनम्, producing fire by friction; or the Mantra used in this operation. (

-न्थः) [अग्निर्मथ्यते अनेन मन्थ्-करणे घञ्] N. of a tree गणिकारिका (Mar. नरवेल) Premna Spinosa (तत्काष्ठयोर्घर्षणे हि आशु वह्निरुत्पद्यते),

-मान्द्यम् slowness of digestion, loss of appetite, dyspepsia.

-मारुतिः अग्निश्च मरुच्च तयोरपत्यं इञ् ततो वृद्धिः इत् च; द्विपदवृद्धौ पृषो. पूर्वपदस्य ह्रस्वः Tv.] N. of the sage Agastya.

-मित्रः N. of a king of the Śunga dynasty, son of Puṣypamitra who must have flourished before 15 B. C. -the usually accepted date of Patañjali-as the latter mentions पुष्यमित्र by name.

-मुखः a. having Agni at the head. (

-खः) [अग्निर्मुखमिव यस्य]

1 a deity, god, (for the gods receive oblations through Agni who is, therefore, said to be their mouth; अग्निमुखा वै देवाः; अग्निर्मुखं प्रथमं देवतानाम् &c; or अग्निर्मुखे अग्रे येषाम्, for fire is said to have been created before all other gods.)

-2 [अग्निर्मुखं प्रधानमुपास्यो यस्य] one who maintains the sacred fire (अग्निहोतृद्विज)

-3 a Brāhmaṇa in general (अग्निर्दाहकत्वात् शापाग्निर्मुखे यस्य for Brāhmaṇas are said to be वाग्वज्राः).

-4 N. of two plants चित्रक Plumbago Zeylanica and भल्लातक Semicarpus Anacardium अग्निरिव स्पर्शात् दुःखदायकं मुखमग्रम् यस्य, तन्निर्यासस्पर्शेन हि देहे क्षतोत्पत्तेस्थयोस्तथात्वम्)

-5 a sort of powder or चूर्ण prescribed as a tonic by चक्रदत्त

-6 'fire- mouthed, sharp-biting, an epithet of a bug. Pt. 1. (

-खी) अग्निरिव मुखमग्रं यस्याः; गौरादि-ङीष्]

1 N. of a plant भल्लातक (Mar. बिबवा, भिलावा) and लाङ्गलिका (विषलाङ्गला).

-2 N. of the Gāyatri Mantra (अग्निरेव मुखं मुखत्वेन कल्पितं यस्याः सा, or अग्नेरिव मुखं प्रजापतिमुखं उत्पत्ति- द्वारं यस्याः, अग्निना समं प्रजापतिमुखजातत्वात्; कदाचिदपि नो विद्वान् गायत्रीमुदके जपेत् । गायत्र्याग्निमुखी यस्मात्तस्मादुत्थाय तां जपेत् ॥ गोभिल).

-3 a kitchen [पाकशाला अग्निरिव उत्तप्तं मुखं यस्याः सा].

-मूढ a. [तृ. त.] Ved. made insane or stupefied by lightning or fire.

-यन्त्रम् A gun अग्नियन्त्रधरैश्चक्रधरैश्च पुरुषैर्वृतः Śivabhārata 12.17.

-यानम् An aeroplane. व्योमयानं विमानं स्यात् अग्नियानं तदेव हि । अगस्त्यसंहिता.

-योगः See पञ्चाग्निसाधन. अग्नियोगवहो ग्रीष्मे विधिदृष्टेन कर्मणा । चीर्त्वा द्वादशवर्षाणि राजा भवति पार्थिवः ॥ Mb.13.14,2.43.

-योजनम् causing the sacrificial fire to blaze up.

-रक्षणम् 1 con- secrating or preserving the sacred (domestic) fire or अग्निहोत्र.

-2 [अग्निः रक्ष्यते अनेन अत्र वा] a Mantra securing for Agni protection from evil spirits &c.

-3 the house of an अग्निहोतृ.

-रजः, -रजस् m. [अग्निरिव रज्यते दीप्यते; रञ्ज्-असुन् नलोपः]

1 a scarlet insect by name इन्द्रगोप.

-2 (अग्नेः रजः) the might or power of Agni.

-3 gold. Mb.3. 16.86.7

-रहस्यम् mystery of (worshipping &c.) Agni; N. of the tenth book of Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa.

-राशिः a heap of fire, burning pile.

-रुहा [अग्निरिव रोहति रुह्-क] N. of the plant मांसादनी or मांसरोहिणी (तदङ्कुरस्य वह्नितुल्य- वर्णतया उत्पन्नत्वात्तथात्वं तस्याः).

-रूप a. [अग्नेरिव रूपं वर्णो यस्य] fire-shaped; of the nature of fire.

-रूपम् the nature of fire.

-रेतस् n. the seed of Agni; (hence) gold.

-रोहिणी [अग्निरिव रोहति; रुह्-णिनि] a hard inflammatory swelling in the armpit.

-लोकः the world a Agni, which is situated below the summit of Meru; in the Purāṇas it is said to be in the अन्तरिक्ष, while in the Kāśī Khaṇḍa it is said to be to the south of इन्द्रपुरी; एतस्या दक्षिणे भागे येयं पूर्दृश्यते शुभा । इमामर्चिष्मतीं पश्य वीतिहोत्रपुरीं शुभाम् ॥

-वधूः Svāhā, the daughter of Dakṣa and wife of Agni

-वर्चस् a. [अग्नेर्वर्च इव वर्चो यस्य] glowing or bright like fire. (n.) the lustre of Agni. (-m.) N. of a teacher of the Purāṇas.

-वर्ण a. [अग्नेरिव वर्णो यस्य] of the colour of fire; hot; fiery; सुरां पीत्वा द्विजो मोहादग्निवर्णां सुरां पिबेत् Ms.11.9; गोमूत्रमग्निवर्णं वा पिबेदुदकमेव वा 91.

(र्णः) 1 N. of a prince, son of Sudarśana.

-2 N. of a King of the solar race, See R.19.1. the colour of fire. (

-र्णा) a strong liquor.

-वर्धक a. stimulating digestion, tonic.

(-कः) 1 a tonic.

-2 regimen, diet (पथ्याहार).

-वल्लभः [अग्नेर्वल्लभः सुखेन दाह्यत्वात्]

1 the Śāla tree, Shorea Robusta.

-2 the resinous juice of it.

-वासस् a. [अग्निरिव शुद्धं वासो यस्य] having a red (pure like Agni) garment. (n.) a pure garment.

-वाह a. [अग्निं वाहयति अनुमापयति वा]

1 smoke.

-2 a goat.

-वाहनम् a goat (छाग).

-विद् m.

1 one who knows the mystery about Agni.

-2 an अग्निहोत्रिन् q. v.

-विमोचनम् ceremony of lowering the sacrificial fire.

-विसर्पः pain from an inflamed tumour, inflammation.

-विहरणम्, -विहारः 1 taking the sacrificial fire from आग्नीध्र to the उत्तरवेदि.

-2 offering oblations to fire; प्रत्यासन्ना ˚वेला K.348.

-वीर्यम् 1 power or might of Agni.

-2 gold.

-वेतालः Name of Vetāla (connected with the story of Vikra- māditya).

-वेशः [अग्नेर्वेश इव] N. of an ancient medical authority (चरक).

-वेश्मन् m. the fourteenth day of the karma-ṃāsa; Sūryaprajñapti.

-वेश्यः 1 N. of a teacher, Mbh.

-2 Name of the 22nd muhūrta; Sūryapraj- ñapti. धौम्य cf. Mb 14.64.8.

-शरणम्, -शाला-लम् a fire-sanctuary; ˚मार्गमादेशय Ś.5; a house or place for keeping the sacred fire; ˚रक्षणाय स्थापितो$हम् V.3.

-शर्मन् a. [अग्निरिव शृणाति तीव्रकोपत्वात् शॄ-मनिन्] very passionate. (-m.) N. of a sage.

-शिख a. [अग्नेरिव अग्निरिव वा शिखा यस्य] fiery, fire-crested; दहतु ˚खैः सायकैः Rām.

(-खः) 1 a lamp.

-2 a rocket, fiery arrow.

-3 an arrow in general.

-4 safflower plant.

-5 saffron.

-6 जाङ्गलीवृक्ष.

(-खम्) 1 saffron.

-2 gold.

(-खा) 1 a flame; शरैरग्निशिखोपमैः Mb.

-2 N. of two plants लाङ्गली (Mar. वागचबका or कळलावी) Gloriosa Superba; of other plants (also Mar. कळलावी) Meni- spermum Cordifolium.

-शुश्रूषा careful service or worship of fire.

-शेखर a. fire-crested. (

-रः) N. of the कुसुम्भ, कुङ्कुम and जाङ्गली trees (

-रम्) gold,

-शौच a. [अग्नेरिव शौचं यस्य] bright as fire; purified by fire K.252.

-श्री a. [अग्नेरिव श्रीर्यस्य] glowing like fire; lighted by Agni

-ष्टुत्, -ष्टुभ, -ष्टोम &c. see ˚ स्तुत्, ˚स्तुभ् &c.

-ष्ठम् 1 kitchen; अग्निष्ठेष्वग्निशालासु Rām.6.1.16.

-2 a fire-pan.

-संयोगाः explosives. Kau. A.2.3.

-ष्वात्तः see स्वात्तः

-संस्कारः 1 consecration of fire.

-2 hallowing or con- secrating by means of fire; burning on the funeral pile; यथार्हं ˚रं मालवाय दत्वा Dk.169; नास्य कार्यो$ग्निसंस्कारः Ms.5.69, पितरीवाग्निसंस्कारात्परा ववृतिरे क्रियाः । R.12.56.

-सखः; -सहायः 1 the wind.

-2 the wild pigeon (smoke- coloured).

-3 smoke.

-सम्भव a. [प. ब.] sprung or pro- duced from fire.

(-वः) 1 wild safflower.

-2 lymph, result of digestion. (

-वम्) gold.

-साक्षिक [अग्निः साक्षी यत्र, कप्] a. or adv. keeping fire for a witness, in the presence of fire; पञ्चबाण˚ M.4.12. ˚मर्यादो भर्ता हि शरणं स्त्रियाः H.1.v. l, R.11.48.

-सारम् [अग्नौ सारं यस्य अत्यन्तानलोत्तापनेपि सारांशादहनात् Tv.] रसाञ्जन, a sort of medical preparation for the eyes. (

-रः -रम्) power or essence of fire.

-सुतः Kārttikeya; त्वामद्य निहनिष्यामि क्रौञ्चमग्निसुतो यथा । Mb.7.156.93.

-सूत्रम् a thread of fire.

-2 a girdle of sacrificial grass (मौञ्जीमेखला) put upon a young Brāhmaṇa at the time of investiture.

-सूनुः (See -सुतः), (सेनानीरग्निभूर्गुहः । Amar.); देव्यङ्कसंविष्ट- मिवाग्निसूनुम् । Bu. ch.1.67.

-स्तम्भः 1 stopping the burning power of Agni.

-2 N. of a Mantra used in this operation.

-3 N. of a medicine so used.

-स्तुत् m. (अग्निष्टुत्) [अग्निः स्तूयते$त्र; स्तु-आधारे क्विप् षत्वम्] the first day of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice; N. of a por- tion of that sacrifice which extends over one day; यजेत वाश्वमेधेन स्वर्जिता गोसवेन वा । अभिजिद्विश्वजिद्भ्यां वा त्रिवृता- ग्निष्टुतापि वा ॥ Ms.11.74.

-स्तुभ् (˚ष्टुभ्) m. [अग्निः स्तुभ्यते$त्र; स्तुभ्-क्विप् षत्वम्]

1 = अग्निष्टोम.

-2 N. of a son of the sixth Manu.

-रतोमः (˚ष्टोमः) [अग्नेः स्तोमः स्तुतिसाधनं यत्र]

1 N. of a protracted ceremony or sacrificeial rite extending over several days in spring and forming an essential part of the ज्योतिष्टोम.

-2 a Mantra or Kalpa with reference to this sacrifice; ˚मे भवो मन्त्रः ˚मः; ˚मस्य व्याख्यानम्, कल्पः ˚मः P.IV.3.66. Vārt.

-3 N. of the son of the sixth Manu.

-4 a species of the Soma plant; ˚सामन् a part of the Sāma Veda chanted at the conclu- sion of the Agniṣṭoma sacrifice.

-सावर्णिः Name of Manu.

-स्थ a. (ष्ठ) [अग्नौ स्थातुमर्हति; स्था-क षत्वम्] placed in, over, or near the fire. (ष्ठः) an iron frying-pan; in the अश्वमेध sacrifice the 11th Yūpa which of all the 21 is nearest the fire.

-स्वात्तः (written both as ˚स्वात्त and ˚ष्वात्त) (pl.) [अग्नितः i. e. श्राद्धीयविप्रकर- रूपानलात् सुष्ठु आत्तं ग्रहणं येषां ते] N. of a class of Pitṛs or Manes who, when living on earth, maintained the sacred or domestic fires, but who did not perform the Agniṣṭoma and other sacrifices. They are regarded as Manes of Gods and Brāhmaṇas and also as descen- dants of Marīchi; Ms.3.195. अग्निष्वात्ताः पितर एह गच्छत Tsy.2.5.12.2. (मनुष्यजन्मन्यग्निष्टोमादियागमकृत्वा स्मार्तकर्मनिष्ठाः सन्तो मृत्वा च पितृत्वं गताः इति सायणः).

-हुत्, -होतृ Ved. sacrificing to Agni, having Agni for a priest; Rv.1.66.8.

-होत्रम् [अग्नये हूयते$त्र, हु-त्र, च. त.]

1 an oblation to Agni (chiefly of milk, oil and sour gruel.).

-2 maintenance of the sacred fire and offering oblation to it; (अग्नये होत्रं होमो$स्मिन् कर्मणीति अग्निहोत्रमिति कर्मनाम); or the sacred fire itself; तपोवनाग्निहोत्रधूमलेखासु K.26. होता स्यात् ˚त्रस्य Ms.11.36. ˚त्रमुपासते 42; स्त्रीं दाहयेत् ˚त्रेण Ms.5.167,6.4, दाहयित्वाग्निहोत्रेण स्त्रियं वृत्तवतीम् Y.1.89. The time of throwing oblations into the fire is, as ordained by the sun himself, evening (अग्नये सायं जुहुयात् सूर्याय प्रातर्जुहुयात्). Agnihotra is of two kinds; नित्य of constant obligation (यावज्जीवमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति) and काम्य occasional or optional (उपसद्भिश्चरित्वा मासमेकमग्निहोत्रं जुहोति). (

-त्र) a. Ved.

1 destined for, connected with, Agnihotra.

-2 sacrificing to Agni. ˚न्यायः The rule according to which the नित्यकर्मन्s (which are to be performed यावज्जीवम्) are performed at their stipulated or scheduled time only, during one's life time. This is discussed and established by जैमिनि and शबर at Ms.6. 2.23-26. in connection with अग्निहोत्र and other कर्मन्s. ˚हवनी (णी) a ladle used in sacrificial libations, or अग्निहोत्रहविर्ग्रहणी ऋक् Tv.; See हविर्ग्रहणी; ˚हुत् offering the अग्निहोत्र; ˚आहुतिः invocation or oblation connected with अग्निहोत्र.

-होत्रिन् a. [अग्निहोत्र-मत्वर्थे इनि]

1 one who practises the Agnihotra, or consecrates and maintains the sacred fire.

-2 one who has prepared the sacrifi- cial place.

-होत्री Sacrificial cow; तामग्निहोत्रीमृषयो जगृहु- र्ब्रह्मवादिनः Bhāg.8.8.2.

भीष्म a. [भी-णिच्-सुक्-अपादाने मक्] Terrible, dreadful, frightful, fearful; भीष्मो हि देवः सहसः सहीयान् Bhāg. 11.23.48.

-ष्मः 1 The sentiment of terror (in rhetoric); see भयानक.

-2 A demon, an imp, a fiend, goblin.

-3 An epithet of Śiva.

-4 N. of the son of Śantanu by Gangā; हृते भीष्मे हते द्रोणे शल्ये च निधनं गते Mb. [He was the youngest of the eight sons of Śantanu by Gangā; but all the others having died, he remained the sole heir to the throne after his father. On one occasion while Śantanu was walking by the side of a river, he beheld a charming young damsel named Satyavatī, the daughter of a fisherman, and, though bowed down with age, conceived a passion for her, and sent his son to negotiate the marriage. But the parents of the girl said that if their daughter bore sons to the king, they would not succeed to the throne, for after his death Śāntanava, being the rightful heir, would be the king. But Śāntanava, to please his father, made a vow to the parents that he would never accept the kingdom or marry a wife or become the father of children by any woman, so that if their daughter bore a son to Śantanu, he would be the king. This dreadful vow soon became known abroad, and thenceforth he was called Bhiṣma. He remained single, and, after the death of his father, he installed Vichitravīrya, the son of Satyavatī, on the throne, got him married to the two daughters of king Kāśirāja (see Ambikā), and became the guardian of his sons and grandsons, the Kauravas and Pāṇḍavas. In the great war he fought on the side of the Kauravas, but was wounded by Arjuna with the assistance of Śikhanḍin and was lodged in a 'cage of darts'. But having got from his father the power of choosing his own time for death, he waited till the sun had crossed the vernal equinox, and then gave up his soul. He was remarkable for his conti- nence, wisdom, firmness of resolve, and unflinching devotion to God].

-ष्मम् Horror, horribleness.

-Comp. -अष्टमी the eighth day in the light half of Māgha (when Bhīṣma died).

-जननी an epithet of the Ganges.

-पञ्चकम् N. of the five days from the eleventh to the fifteenth of the bright balf of Kārtika (said to be sacred to Bhīṣma).

-पर्वन् N. of the 6th Book of the Mahā-Bhārata.

-सूः f. an epithet of the river Ganges; हरशिरसि पतन्ती भीष्मसूर्वः पुनातु Udb.

-स्तवराजः N. of the 47th Chapter of शान्तिपर्व in Mahābhāraṭa.

भूत p. p. [भू-क्त]

1 Become, being, existing.

-2 Produced, formed.

-3 Actually being, really happened, true; भूताश्चार्था विरुद्ध्यन्ति देशकालविरोधिताः Rām.5.3.37.

-4 Right, proper, fit; अभूतेनापवादेन कीर्तीं निपतितामिव Rām. 5.15.34; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.

-5 Past, gone.

-6 Obtained.

-7 Mixed or joined with.

-8 Being like, similar, (see भू); मग्नां द्विषच्छद्मनि पङ्कभूते Ki.3.39.

-तः 1 A son, child.

-2 An epithet of Śiva.

-3 The fourteenth day of the dark half of a lunar month (also भूता).

-4 A great devotee.

-5 N. of a priest of the gods.

-6 The dark fortnight of a month (कृष्णपक्ष).

-7 see भूतगण.

-तम् 1 Any being (human, divine or even inanimate); इत्थं रतेः किमपि भूतमदृश्यरूपं मन्दीचकार मरणव्यवसायबुद्धिम् Ku.4.45; Pt.2. 87.

-2 A living being, an animal, a creature; क्षरः सर्वाणि भूतानि कूटस्थो$क्षर उच्यते Bg.15.16; भूतेषु किं च करुणां बहुली- करोति Bv.1.122; U.4.6.

-3 A spirit, ghost, an imp, a devil (m. also in these senses); ततो रक्षां महातेजः कुरु भूतविनाशिनीम् Rām.7.66.3.

-4 An element; (they are five, i. e. पृथ्वी, अप्, तेजस्, वायु, and आकाश); तं वेधा विदधे नूनं महाभूतसमाधिना R.1.29.

-5 An actual occurrence, a fact, a matter of fact.

-6 The past, past time.

-7 The world.

-8 Well-being, welfare.

-9 A symbolical expression for the number 'five'.

-1 Fitness, propriety.

-Comp. -अनुकम्पा compassion for all beings; भूतानुकम्पा तव चेत् R.2.48.

-अनुवादः a mention of established facts, a variety of अर्थवाद (q. v.); भूतानुवादमात्रमनर्थकम् ŚB. on MS.1.2.4.

-अन्तकः the god of death, Yama.

-अभिषङ्गः possession by evil spirits.

-अरिः Asa Fœtida.

-अर्थः 1 the fact, real fact, true state, truth, reality; आर्ये कथयामि ते भूतार्थम् Ś.1; भूतार्थशोभाह्नियमाणनेत्रा Ku.7.13; कः श्रद्धास्यति भूतार्थं सर्वो मां तुलयिष्यति Mk.3.24.

-2 an element of life. ˚कथनम्, ˚व्याहृतिः f. a statement of facts; भूतार्थव्याहृतिः सा हि न स्तुतिः परमेष्ठिनः R.1.33.

-अवमानिन् m. despiser of all; भूतावमानी हैहयश्चार्जुनः Kau. A.1.6.

-आत्मक a. consisting or composed of the elements.

-आत्मन् 1 one whose soul is purified.

-2 composed of the five elements (as the body); cf. Ms.12.12. (-m.)

1 the individual (as opposed to the Supreme Soul); विद्यातपोभ्यां भूतात्मा बुद्धिर्ज्ञानेन शुद्ध्यति Ms.5.19; विधमिष्यति ते देहे भूतात्मानं चिरोषितम् Rām.6.59. 55.

-2 an epithet of Brahman.

-3 of Śiva.

-4 of Viṣṇu; भूतात्मा भूतभावनः V. Sah.

-5 an elementary substance.

-6 the body.

-7 war, conflict.

-8 the elementary or vital principle.

-9 a soul which clings to the elements, a carnal mind; भूतात्मनस्तपोविद्ये बुद्धेर्ज्ञानं विशोधनम् Y.3.34.

-आदिः 1 the Supreme Spirit.

-2 an epithet of Ahaṁkāra (in Sāṅkhya phil.).

-आर्त a. possessed by a devil.

-आवासः 1 the body.

-2 an epithet of &Scute;iva.

-3 of Viṣṇu; वसन्ति त्वयि भूतानि भूतावासस्ततो हरिः Hariv.

-आविष्ट a. possessed by a devil or evil spirit.

-आवेशः demoniac possession.

-इज्यम्, -इज्या making oblations to the Bhūtas.

-इन्द्रियजयिन् m. a kind of ascetic.

-इष्टा the fourteenth day of a lunar fortnight.

-ईशः 1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-3 of Śiva; भूतेशस्य भुजङ्गवल्लिवलयस्रङ्नद्धजूटा जटाः Māl.1.2; भूतेशप्रीति- हेतोः Udb.

-ईश्वरः an epithet of Śiva; भूयः स भूतेश्वर- पार्श्ववर्ती R.2.46.

-उन्मादः demoniac possession.

-उपदेशः a reference to past things or such as already exist.

-उपसृष्ट, -उपहत a. possessed by a devil.

-ओदनः a dish of rice (eaten to counteract the influence of demons).

-कर्तृ, -कृत् m. an epithet of Brahman; सर्वलोकप्रभुर्ब्रह्मा भूतकर्तृ तथर्षयः Rām.2.25.25; ततस्थानाह भूत- कृत् 7.4.12.

-कला f. a power which produces the five elements; धरादिपञ्चभूतानां निवृत्त्याद्याः कलाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.

-कालः 1 past time.

-2 (in gram.) the past or preterite time.

-केशी the holy basil.

-कोटिः absolute non-entity; Bhddh.

-क्रान्तिः f. possession by a devil.

-गणः 1 the collection of created beings.

-2 the whole class of spirits or devils; प्रेतान् भूतागणांश्चान्ये यजन्ते तामसा जनाः Bg.17.4.

-गत्या truthfully; तदखिलमिह भूतं भूतगत्या...... अभिलषति स्म N.9.159.

-गुणः a quality of the elements; शब्दस्पर्शरूपरसगन्धा भूतगुणाः स्मृताः Śāradātilakam.

-ग्रस्त possessed by a devil.

-ग्रामः 1 the whole multitude or aggregate of living beings; U.7; भूतग्रामः स एवायं भूत्वा भूत्वा प्रलीयते Bg.8.19.

-2 a multitude of spirits.

-3 the body.

-घ्नः 1 a kind of birch tree.

-2 a camel.

-3 garlic. (

-घ्नी) the holy basil.

-चतुर्दशी the fourteenth day of the dark half of Kārtika.

-चारिन् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-चिन्तकः = स्वभाववादिन् q. v.; दैवमित्यपरे विप्राः स्वभावं भूतचिन्तकाः Mb.12.232.19.

-चिन्तनिकः an adherent to the doctrine that the mind or intellect is produced from material elements.

-चिन्ता an enquiry into the ele- ments, investigation into their nature.

-चैतन्यम् intellect- uality of matter.

-जननी the mother of all beings.

-जयः victory over the elements.

-तन्त्रम् the doctrine of spirits.

-तन्मात्रम् a subtle element.

-दया compassion towards all beings, universal benevolence.

-द्रुमः Cordia Latifolia (Mar. भोंकर).

-द्रुह्, -ध्रुक् a. injurious, mali- cious.

-धरा, -धात्री, -धारिणी the earth.

-धात्री sleep.

-नाथः an epithet of Śiva; तद् भूतनाथानुग नार्हसि त्वम् R.2.58.

-नायिका an epithet of Durgā.

-नाशनः 1 the marking-nut plant.

-2 mustard.

-3 pepper.

(-नम्) 1 Asa Fœtida.

-2 a bead used for rosaries (रुद्राक्ष).

-निचयः the body.

-पक्षः the dark fortnight.

-पतिः 1 an epithet of Śiva; ध्यानास्पदं भूतपतेर्विवश Ku.3.43,74.

-2 of Agni.

-3 the sacred basil.

-4 the sky; ज्वलसि यन्निशि भूतपतिं श्रितः N.4.55.

-पत्री the holy basil.

-पालः the guardian of living beings.

-पूर्णिमा the day of full- moon in the month of Āśvina.

-पूर्वम् ind. formerly. a.

1 former, ancient, old; पश्यामि च जनस्थानं भूतपूर्वखरा- लयम् U.2.17.

-2 deceased.

-प्रकृतिः f. the origin of all beings; यामाहुः सर्वभूतप्रकृतिरिति Ś.1.1 (v. l.).

-बलिः = भूतयज्ञ q. v.

-ब्रह्मन् m. a low Brāhmaṇa who maintains himself with the offerings made to an idol; see देवल.

-भर्तृ a. sustaining all beings; भूतभर्तृ च तज्ज्ञेयं ग्रसिष्णु प्रभविष्णु च Bg.13.16. -m. an epithet of Śiva.

-भव a. existing in all beings.

-भव्यम् past and future.

-भावनः 1 an epithet of Brahman.

-2 of Viṣṇu.

-भाविन् a.

1 creating living beings.

-भाषा, -भाषितम् the language of devils.

-भृत् a. sustaining the elements or creatures; भूतभृन्न च भूतस्थो ममात्मा भूतभावनः Bg.9.5.

-भौतिक a. consisting of the elements.

-महेश्वरः an epithet of Śiva.

-मातृ f. an epithet of Gaurī.

-मातृका the earth.

-मात्रम्, -त्रा the rudiment of an element.

-मात्रा f. pl. the coarse and subtile elements; तास्वेव भूतमात्रासु प्रलीयन्ते विभागशः Ms.12.17.

-यज्ञः an oblation or offering to all created beings, one of the five daily Yajñas to be perfo- rmed by a householder.

-योनिः the origin of all created beings.

-रयाः a. a class of gods under the 5th Manu; Bhāg.

-राज् m. an epithet of Śiva.

-लिपिः a particular magic formula.

-वर्गः the whole class of spirits.

-वादिन् a. telling the real fact or truth.

-वासः the Bibhītaka tree.

-वाहनः an epithet of Śiva.

-विक्रिया 1 epilepsy.

-2 possession by a devil.

-विज्ञान, -विद्या demonology (भूतविद्या); Ch. Up.7.1.2.

-विनायकः a leader of evil beings; Bhāg.

-विभुः a king; शाहभूविभुः Śāhendra. 2.93.

-वृक्षः the Bibhītaka tree.

-वेशी a white flowering Vitex Negundo (Mar. निर्गुडी).

-शुद्धिः f. purifica- tion of the elements (of the body).

-संसारः 1 the world of mortals.

-2 the course of existence; घोरे$स्मिन् भूतसंसारे नित्यं सततयायिनि Ms.1.5.

-संघः the totality of beings or of the elements.

-संचारः demoniac possession.

-संचारिन् m. a forest conflagration.

-संप्लवः universal deluge or destruction; आभूतसंप्लवस्थानममृतत्वं हि भाषते.

-समागमः the meeting of mortals; यथा काष्ठं च... समेत्य च व्यपेयातां तद्वद् भूतसमागमः Mb.12.28.36.

-सर्गः 1 the creation of the world, the class or order of created beings.

-2 creation of the elements.

-साक्षिन् m. 'all- seeing', an eye-witness of created beings.

-साधनी the earth.

-सूक्ष्मम् a subtle element.

-सृज् m. an epithet of Brahman; बहुधा गतां जगति भूतसृजा कमनीयतां समभिहृत्य पुरा Ki.6.42.

-सृष्टिः f.

1 the illusion effected by the power of Bhūtas.

-2 the whole class of Bhūtas taken collectively.

-स्थानम् 1 the abode of living beings.

-2 the abode of demons.

-हत्या destruction of living beings.

-हन्त्री a species of Dūrvā grass.

-हरः bdellium.

-हासः a kind of fever.

γαμίζω impf. pass. ἐγαμιζόμην (Apollon. Dysc., Synt. p. 280, 11 H. [3, 153 p. 400 Uhlig] ἔστι γὰρ τὸ μὲν πρότερον [i.e. γαμῶ] γάμου μεταλαμβάνω, τὸ δὲ γαμίζω γάμου τινὶ μεταδίδωμι=the former [γαμῶ] means ‘I receive in marriage’, whereas γαμίζω means ‘I give in marriage’.—Otherw. the word is found only in Christian writings.)

① to cause (a woman) to become married, give (a woman) in marriage abs. Mt 24:38; Mk 12:25 D. Pass. be given in marriage, be married Mt 22:30; Mk 12:25; Lk 17:27; 20:35.—In 1 Cor 7:38, γ. abs. and w. acc. may be understood in this sense of a father who gives his daughter (or a guardian who gives his ward) in marriage (v.l. ἐκγαμίζων). But mng. 2 appears more probable.

② Because of the context in 1 Cor 7:36–38, where the relation of virgins to Christ is featured, it is best to take γ. vs. 38=γαμέω to take as spouse, marry (on this s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; B-D-F §101 p. 44 agrees; s. also Mlt-H. 409f. It is hard to say how far the rule of Apollon., quoted above, applies, since there are so few exx. of γ. In any case, his observation indicates that mistakes could be made in the use of either term. On the increasing frequency of formations in-ίζω s. Psaltes p. 325–31. γαμίζω=‘marry’ is also found in Methodius, Sympos. 3, 14 p. 44, 21 Bonwetsch). In the context of vss. 36–38 παρθένος would then mean either a Christian’s fiancée (s. ref. to Goodsp. below and NRSV), or perh. even his ‘spiritual bride’, who lived with him as a virgin. S. παρθένος a.—EGrafe, Theol. Arbeiten aus d. Rhein. wiss. Predigerverein n.F. 3, 1899, 57–69; HAchelis, Virgines subintroductae 1902; AJülicher, ARW 7, 1904, 373–86, PM 22, 1918, 97–119; JSickenberger, BZ 3, 1905, 44–69; HKoch, ibid. 3, 1905, 401–7; FFahnenbruch, ibid. 12, 1914, 391–401; AvanVeldhuizen, TSt 23, 1905, 185–202, NThSt 2, 1919, 297–309; RSteck, SchTZ 34, 1917, 177–89; StSchiwietz, ThGl 19, 1927, 1–15; KHolzhey, ibid. 307f; AJuncker, D. Ethik d. Ap. Pls II 1919, 191ff; KMüller, D. Forderung d. Ehelosigkeit für d. Getauften in d. alten Kirche 1927; HKoch, Quellen z. Gesch. d. Askese ’33; Goodsp., Probs. 158f; RKugelman, CBQ 10, ’48, 63–71; LRichard: Mémorial JChaine ’50, 309–20; AOepke, TLZ 77, ’52, 449–52; WKümmel: Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 275–95; JO’Rourke, CBQ 20, ’58, 292–98; RSebolt, CTM 30, ’59, 103–10; 176–89; HBaltensweiler, Die Ehe im NT, ’67; HGreeven, NTS 15, ’69, 365–88.—DELG s.v. γαμέω. M-M.

γινώσκω (in the form γιγνώσκω [s. below] since Homer; γιν. in Attic ins in Meisterhans³-Schw. index, from 325 B.C.; in pap fr. 277 B.C. [Mayser 165]; likew. LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) impf. ἐγίνωσκον; fut. γνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἔγνων, impv. γνῶθι, γνώτω, subj. 1 sg. γνῶ and 3 sg. γνῶ (γνοῖ Mk 5:43; 9:30; Lk 19:15; Hm 4, 1, 5; B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §13, 22; Mlt-H. 83; Rob. 1214); 2 sg. γνώσῃς (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]); opt. 1 sg. γνῴην; 3 sg. γνοίη Job 23:3, 5; inf. γνῶναι, ptc. γνούς; pf. ἔγνωκα, 3 pl. ἔγνωκαν J 17:7 (W-S. §13, 15 n. 15); plpf. ἐγνώκειν. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνώσθην; pf. ἔγνωσμαι. (On the spellings γινώσκειν and γιγνώσκειν s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108.) This verb is variously nuanced in contexts relating to familiarity acquired through experience or association with pers. or thing.

① to arrive at a knowledge of someone or someth., know, know about, make acquaintance of

ⓐ w. acc. of thing: mysteries (Wsd 2:22; En 104:12) Mt 13:11; Mk 4:11 v.l.; Lk 8:10; will of the Master (Just., D. 123, 4) 12:47f; that which brings peace 19:42; truth (Jos., Ant. 13, 291) J 8:32; times Ac 1:7; sin Ro 7:7; affection 2 Cor 2:4; spirit of truth J 14:17; way of righteousness 2 Pt 2:21 P⁷²; God’s glory 1 Cl 61:1.—Abs. γνόντες (Is 26:11) when they had ascertained it Mk 6:38; ἐκ μέρους γ. know fragmentarily, only in part 1 Cor 13:9, 12.—W. prep. γ. τι ἔκ τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 45; Jos., Vi. 364) know a thing by someth. (Diod S 17, 101, 6): a tree by its fruit Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 4:6; γ. τι ἔν τινι (Sir 4:24; 26:9) 1J 4:2. Also γ. τι κατά τι (Gen 15:8): κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what (= how) shall I know this? Lk 1:18.

ⓑ w. personal obj. (Plut., Mor. 69c ἄνδρα τοιοῦτον οὐκ ἔγνωμεν; Did., Gen. 45, 24 evil powers): God (Ael. Aristid. 52, 2 K.=28 p. 551 D.: γ. τὸν θεόν; Herm. Wr. 1, 3; 10, 19a; Sallust. 18, 3 p. 34, 9 θεούς; 1 Km 2:10; 3:7; 1 Ch 28:9; 3 Macc 7:6; PsSol 2:31; Da 11:32 Theod.; Philo, Ebr. 45; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 14, 12; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 26f) J 14:7ab; 17:3, 25; Ro 1:21; Gal 4:9; 1J 2:3, 13; 3:1, 6; 4:6ff; 5:20 (for 1J s. M-EBoismard, RB 56, ’49, 365–91); PtK 2. Jesus Christ J 14:7; 17:3; 2 Cor 5:16 ( even though we have known Christ [irrealis, ‘contrary to fact’, is also prob.=even if we had known; cp. Gal 5:11], we now no longer know him; on this pass. s. κατά B7a; σάρξ 5); 1J 2:3f (Just., D. 28, 3). τινὰ ἔν τινι someone by someth. (Ps 47:4; Sir 11:28; TestNapht 3:4) Lk 24:35.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 824, 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 22) Mt 25:24; J 6:69; 7:26; 8:52; 14:20, 31; 17:7f, 25; 19:4. W. ὅθεν preceding by this one knows (EpJer 22) 1J 2:18. ἐν τούτῳ (Gen 42:33; Ex 7:17; Josh 3:10 al.) J 13:35; 1J 2:3, 5; 4:13; 5:2. W. combination of two constr. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι μένει ἐν ἡμῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος by this we know that (Jesus Christ) remains in us, namely by the spirit 3:24; cp. 4:13. W. an indir. question foll. (1 Km 14:38: 25:17; 2 Km 18:29; Ps 38:5) Mt 12:7; J 7:51. W. combination of two questions (double interrogative) ἵνα γνοῖ τίς τί διεπραγματεύσατο that he might know what each one had gained in his dealings Lk 19:15.

② to acquire information through some means, learn (of), ascertain, find out

ⓐ w. acc. as obj. (1 Km 21:3; 1 Ch 21:2; 4 Macc 4:4) τοῦτο (1 Km 20:3) Mk 5:43. τὰ γενόμενα what has happened Lk 24:18. τὸ ἀσφαλές Ac 21:34; 22:30. τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν our situation Col 4:8; your faith 1 Th 3:5. Pass. become known to someone w. or without dat. of the pers. who is informed: of secret things Mt 10:26; Lk 8:17; 12:2. Of plots Ac 9:24 (cp. 1 Macc 6:3; 7:3, 30 al.).

ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (PGiss 11, 4 [118 A.D.] γεινώσκειν σε θέλω ὅτι; 1 Esdr 2:17; Ruth 3:14) J 4:1; 5:6; 12:9; Ac 24:11 v.l.

ⓒ abs. (1 Km 14:29; 3 Km 1:11; Tob 8:12 al.) μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω nobody is to know of this Mt 9:30. ἵνα τις γνοῖ that anyone should obtain knowledge of it Mk 9:30.

ⓓ γ. ἀπό τινος ascertain fr. someone 15:45.

③ to grasp the significance or meaning of someth., understand, comprehend

ⓐ w. acc. foll. (Sir 1:6; 18:28; Wsd 5:7 v.l.; 9:13; Bar 3:9 al.; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 68, 1 σκληροκάρδιοι πρὸς τὸ γνῶναι νοῦν … τοῦ θεοῦ): parables Mk 4:13; what was said Lk 18:34; (w. ἀναγινώσκειν in wordplay) Ac 8:30. ταῦτα J 3:10; 12:16; what one says J 8:43; God’s wisdom 1 Cor 2:8; the nature of God vs. 11; the nature of the divine spirit vs. 14; the love of Christ Eph 3:19 (s. γνῶσις 1); God’s ways Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10); τὸν νόμον know the law J 7:49; Ro 7:1 (here perh.=have the law at one’s fingertips, cp. Menand., Sicyonius 138f, τῶν τοὺς νόμους εἰδότων; Just., D. 123, 2). πῶς οὖν [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν; how then shall we know these things? Ox 1081, 25f (=SJCh 90, 1f), as read by Till p. 220 app.

ⓑ abs. Mt 24:39.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Wsd 10:12; EpJer 64; 1 Macc 6:13; 7:42; 2 Macc 7:28 al.) Mt 21:45; 24:32; Mk 12:12; 13:28f; Lk 21:30f; J 4:53; 8:27f; 2 Cor 13:6; Js 2:20.

ⓓ w. indir. question foll. (Job 19:29) J 10:6; 13:12, 28.

④ to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realize

ⓐ w. acc.: their wickedness Mt 22:18; γ. δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν that power had gone out Lk 8:46 (on the constr. w. the ptc. cp. PHamb 27, 13 [III B.C.]; BGU 1078 [I A.D.] γίνωσκε ἡγεμόνα εἰσεληλυθότα; POxy 1118, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 342; Just., D. 39, 2 al.).

ⓑ abs. (Ex 22:9; 1 Km 26:12) Mt 16:8; 26:10; Mk 7:24; 8:17.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Gen 3:7; 8:11; 1 Macc 1:5 al.): ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται she felt in her body that she was healed Mk 5:29; cp. 15:10; J 6:15; 16:19; Ac 23:6.

⑤ to have sexual intercourse with, have sex/marital relations with, euphemistic ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 558, 5 Kock; Heraclid. Lembus, Pol. 64 [Aristot., Fgm. ed. VRose 1886, 383]; oft. in Plut. and other later authors, and LXX [Anz 306]) w. acc., said of a man as agent (Gen 4:1, 17; 1 Km 1:19; Jdth 16:22; ApcMos 4; Did., Gen. 143, 9) Mt 1:25 (in connection w. the topic of 1:25f see Plut., Mor. 717e; Olympiodorus, Vi. Plat. 1 [Westermann, 1850]: φάσμα Ἀπολλωνιακὸν συνεγένετο τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ Περικτιόνῃ καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ φανὲν τῷ Ἀρίστωνι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῷ μὴ μιγνύναι τῇ Περικτιόνῃ μέχρι τ. χρόνου τῆς ἀποτέξεως. Ὁ δʼ οὕτω πεποίηκεν: ‘an apparition of Apollo had relations with [Plato’s] mother Perictione, and in a nocturnal appearance to Ariston [Plato’s father] ordered him not to have intercourse w. P. until the time of her parturition. So he acted accordingly.’—The legend of Plato’s birth is traceable to Plato’s nephew Speusippus [Diog. L. 3:2; Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1, 42]); of a woman (Judg 11:39; 21:12; Theodor. Prodr. 9, 486 H.) Lk 1:34 (DHaugg, D. erste bibl. Marienwort ’38; FGrant, JBL 59, ’40, 19f; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk, ’45, 117–20).

⑥ to have come to the knowledge of, have come to know, know (Nägeli 40 w. exx.)

ⓐ w. acc.

α. of thing (Bar 3:20, 23; Jdth 8:29; Bel 35; Just., D. 110, 1 καὶ τοῦτο γ.): τὴν ποσότητα 1 Cl 35:3; hearts (Ps 43:22) Lk 16:15; will Ro 2:18; truth (Just., D. 139, 5; Tat. 13, 1) 2J 1; 2 Cor 5:21; grace 8:9; πάντα (2 Km 14:20; Just., D. 127, 2) 1J 3:20. τὶ 1 Cor 8:2a. W. object clause preceding: ὸ̔ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γ. what I am accomplishing I really do not know Ro 7:15 (here γ. almost=desire, want, decide [Polyb. 5, 82, 1; Plut., Lycurg. 41[3, 9] ἔγνω φυγεῖν; Appian, Syr. 5 §18; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 8; 2, 25, 8; Paradox. Vat. 46 Keller ὅ τι ἂν γνῶσιν αἱ γυναῖκες; Jos., Ant. 1, 195; 14, 352; 16, 331]; mngs. 3 understand and 7 recognize are also prob.). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ οὐ γ. at an hour unknown to him Mt 24:50; Lk 12:46. W. acc. and ptc. (on the constr. s. 4a above) τὴν πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν that the city is guardian of the temple Ac 19:35.

β. of pers. know someone (Tob 5:2; 7:4; Is 1:3) J 1:48; 2:24; 10:14f, 27; Ac 19:15; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5); Ox 1 recto, 14 (GTh 31). W. acc. and ptc. (s. α above, end and e.g. Just., A I, 19, 6) Hb 13:23.

ⓑ w. acc. and inf. (Da 4:17; Just., D. 130, 2 al.) Hb 10:34.

ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Sir 23:19; Bar 2:30; Tob 3:14) J 21:17; Ac 20:34; Phil 1:12; Js 1:3; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3; γ. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι he knows that the thoughts are vain 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11).—Oft. γινώσκετε, ὅτι you may be quite sure that Mt 24:33, 43; Mk 13:28f; Lk 10:11; 12:39; 21:31; J 15:18; 1J 2:29 (cp. UPZ 62, 32 [161 B.C.] γίνωσκε σαφῶς ὅτι πρός σε οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθω; 70, 14; 3 Macc 7:9; Judg 4:9; Job 36:5; Pr 24:12). In τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες, ὅτι Eph 5:5 the question is whether the two verbs are to be separated or not. In the latter case, one could point to Sym. Jer 49:22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες and 1 Km 20:3.

ⓓ w. indir. question (Gen 21:26; 1 Km 22:3; Eccl 11:5; 2 Macc 14:32; Just., A I, 63, 3 τί πατὴρ καὶ τί υἱός) Lk 7:39; 10:22; J 2:25; 11:57.

ⓔ w. adv. modifier γ. Ἑλληνιστί understand Greek Ac 21:37 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5; 31 ἐπίστασθαι Συριστί).

ⓕ abs. (Gen 4:9; 18:21; 4 Km 2:3; Sir 32:8) Lk 2:43. τί ἐγὼ γινώσκω; how should I know? Hs 9, 9, 1.

⑦ to indicate that one does know, acknowledge, recognize as that which one is or claims to be τινά (Plut., Ages. 597 [3, 1]; Jos., Ant. 5, 112) οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς I have never recognized you Mt 7:23; cp. J 1:10. ἐὰν γνωσθῇ πλέον τ. ἐπισκόπου if he receives more recognition than the supervisor (bishop) IPol 5:2. Of God as subject recognize someone as belonging to God, choose, almost= elect (Am 3:2; Hos 12:1; SibOr 5, 330) 1 Cor 8:3; Gal 4:9. In these pass. the γ. of God directed toward human beings is conceived of as the basis of and condition for their coming to know God; cp. the language of the Pythagoreans in HSchenkl, Wiener Studien 8, 1886 p. 265, no. 9 βούλει γνωσθῆναι θεοῖς• ἀγνοήθητι μάλιστα ἀνθρώποις; p. 277 no. 92 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος κ. θεὸν σεβόμενος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ; Porphyr., ad Marcellam 13 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θεός, ὸ̔ς γνωσθῆναι βούλεται καὶ γινώσκεται τοῖς ἰδίοις; 10, 15 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ γνωρίζει καὶ θέλει γνωρίζεσθαι. S. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 299f; Ltzm. on 1 Cor 8:3; RAC XI 446–659.—On the whole word: BSnell, D. Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens in d. vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924; EBaumann, ידע u. seine Derivate: ZAW 28, 1908, 22ff; 110ff; WBousset, Gnosis: Pauly-W. VII 1912, 1503ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 66–70; 284–308; PThomson, ‘Know’ in the NT: Exp. 9th ser. III, 1925, 379–82; AFridrichsen, Gnosis (Paul): ELehmann Festschr. 1927, 85–109; RPope, Faith and Knowledge in Pauline and Johannine Thought: ET 41, 1930, 421–27; RBultmann, TW I ’33, 688–715; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; ²’55; EPrucker, Gnosis Theou ’37; JDupont, La Connaissance religieuse dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul, ’49; LBouyer, Gnosis: Le Sens orthodoxe de l’expression jusqu’aux pères Alexandrins: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 188–203; WDavies, Knowledge in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30: HTR 46, ’53, 113–39; WSchmithals, D. Gnosis in Kor. ’55, ³’69; MMagnusson, Der Begriff ‘Verstehen’ (esp. in Paul), ’55; RCasey, Gnosis, Gnosticism and the NT: CDodd Festschr., ’56, 52–80; IdelaPotterie, οἶδα et γινώσκω (4th Gosp.), Biblica 40, ’59, 709–25; H-JSchoeps, Urgemeinde, Judenchristentum, Gnosis ’56; EKäsemann, Das Wandernde Gottesvolk (Hb)², ’57; HJonas, The Gnostic Religion, ’58; JDupont, Gnosis, ’60; UWilckens, Weisheit u. Torheit ( 1 Cor 1 and 2) ’59; DGeorgi, Die Gegner des Pls im 2 Cor, ’64; DScholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948–69, ’71.—B. 1209f. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

"1. owner, possessor; proprietor; proprietress; master; mistress. 2. (someone) who pos sesses (a certain quality): zevk sahibi bir hanım a lady who has good taste. 3. someone who has produced or created (something): Bu eserin sahibi kim? Who´s the author of this (literary) work? 4. protector, patron; guardian. - çıkmak /a/ 1. to claim to be the owner of (something), claim (something) (which one has no right to claim). 2. to attend to, see to, look after (someone). 3. to get (someone, something) under control: Köpeğine sahip çık! Get your dog under control! Çocuğuna sahip çık! Do something about that (rambunctious) kid of yours! 4. to support, back, help (someone). - kılmak /ı, a/ to put (someone) in possession of (something), make (someone) the owner or possessor of (something). - olmak /a/ 1. to become the owner of, acquire. 2. to get (someone, something) under control, do something about (someone, something that´s misbehaving). 3. colloq. to have sexual intercourse with, lay (a virgin). "